Channel-scale optimisation and tuning of large tidal turbine arrays using LES with adaptive mesh

Large arrays of tidal turbines are critical to realise the potential of tidal current power. This study is a systematic exploration of large tidal array optimisation in channels with numerically modelled array layouts in 2-D. Crucially, flow along channels is driven by head loss leading to significantly more realistic results than previous models which assume constant velocity. The 2-D adaptive mesh approach bridges the gap between large- and small-scale array models. Hundreds of layouts and turbine tunings have been simulated using LES of turbulent flow in tidally reversing currents to explore channel-scale optimisation and tuning of large arrays. Simulations show that total power capture increases as rows are added to the array although there are diminishing returns on additional turbines. Each turbine in 1 (7), optimally blocked row in a small channel captures 2.5× (0.5×) the power of an isolated turbine. There is an optimum blockage for maximum power per turbine which decreases linearly from 1.0 as the number of rows increases. As array size increases individual turbine wakes become less important than stepped head loss across each row. Free-stream velocity reduces linearly with total power capture, with the gradient increasing with channel size.