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Estimate of the tidal stream power resource of the Pentland Firth

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  • Draper, Scott
  • Adcock, Thomas A.A.
  • Borthwick, Alistair G.L.
  • Houlsby, Guy T.

Abstract

The Pentland Firth is arguably the best-known candidate site for tidal stream power extraction worldwide. In this paper we estimate the maximum power that can be extracted by placing tidal stream power devices across the Pentland Firth and/or the individual sub-channels formed by the islands of Swona, Stroma and the Pentland Skerries. Using a depth-averaged numerical model, for the entire Firth we find that approximately 4.2 GW of power may be extracted, and this agrees reasonably well with predictions from an existing theoretical model. In contrast, for the sub-channels there is no single value to describe the power potential, but rather a range of power estimates because the extracted power from one sub-channel depends on the operation (or otherwise) of tidal devices placed in parallel sub-channels, or in series along the Firth. This range in output is of practical importance given present plans to lease separate sites within the Pentland to different device developers, and suggests that regulation of separate device developers will be crucial to achieve optimum performance across the entire Firth. Finally, we show that large scale energy extraction from the Pentland Firth does not lead to flow diversion around the Orkney Islands as a whole (as is sometimes assumed), however energy extraction in the Pentland Firth can augment the phase difference across smaller sub-channels in the Orkney Islands and this may increase their power potential.

Suggested Citation

  • Draper, Scott & Adcock, Thomas A.A. & Borthwick, Alistair G.L. & Houlsby, Guy T., 2014. "Estimate of the tidal stream power resource of the Pentland Firth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 650-657.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:63:y:2014:i:c:p:650-657
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Polagye, Brian L. & Malte, Philip C., 2011. "Far-field dynamics of tidal energy extraction in channel networks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 222-234.
    2. Shields, Mark A. & Dillon, Lora Jane & Woolf, David K. & Ford, Alex T., 2009. "Strategic priorities for assessing ecological impacts of marine renewable energy devices in the Pentland Firth (Scotland, UK)," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 635-642, July.
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    1. Neill, Simon P. & Vögler, Arne & Goward-Brown, Alice J. & Baston, Susana & Lewis, Matthew J. & Gillibrand, Philip A. & Waldman, Simon & Woolf, David K., 2017. "The wave and tidal resource of Scotland," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 3-17.
    2. Lilia Flores Mateos & Michael Hartnett, 2020. "Hydrodynamic Effects of Tidal-Stream Power Extraction for Varying Turbine Operating Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
    3. Fairley, Iain & Williamson, Benjamin J. & McIlvenny, Jason & King, Nicholas & Masters, Ian & Lewis, Matthew & Neill, Simon & Glasby, David & Coles, Daniel & Powell, Ben & Naylor, Keith & Robinson, Max, 2022. "Drone-based large-scale particle image velocimetry applied to tidal stream energy resource assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 839-855.
    4. Draycott, S. & Nambiar, A. & Sellar, B. & Davey, T. & Venugopal, V., 2019. "Assessing extreme loads on a tidal turbine using focused wave groups in energetic currents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1013-1024.
    5. Adcock, Thomas A.A. & Draper, Scott, 2014. "Power extraction from tidal channels – Multiple tidal constituents, compound tides and overtides," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 797-806.
    6. du Feu, R.J. & Funke, S.W. & Kramer, S.C. & Hill, J. & Piggott, M.D., 2019. "The trade-off between tidal-turbine array yield and environmental impact: A habitat suitability modelling approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 390-403.
    7. Funke, S.W. & Kramer, S.C. & Piggott, M.D., 2016. "Design optimisation and resource assessment for tidal-stream renewable energy farms using a new continuous turbine approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1046-1061.
    8. Khan, N. & Kalair, A. & Abas, N. & Haider, A., 2017. "Review of ocean tidal, wave and thermal energy technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 590-604.
    9. Smeaton, Malcolm & Vennell, Ross & Harang, Alice, 2016. "The effect of channel constriction on the potential for tidal stream power," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 45-56.
    10. Pérez-Ortiz, Alberto & Borthwick, Alistair G.L. & McNaughton, James & Avdis, Alexandros, 2017. "Characterization of the tidal resource in Rathlin Sound," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 229-243.
    11. Martin-Short, R. & Hill, J. & Kramer, S.C. & Avdis, A. & Allison, P.A. & Piggott, M.D., 2015. "Tidal resource extraction in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential impacts on flow regime and sediment transport in the Inner Sound of Stroma," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 596-607.
    12. Mestres, Marc & Cerralbo, Pablo & Grifoll, Manel & Sierra, Joan Pau & Espino, Manuel, 2019. "Modelling assessment of the tidal stream resource in the Ria of Ferrol (NW Spain) using a year-long simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 811-817.
    13. Fairley, I. & Masters, I. & Karunarathna, H., 2015. "The cumulative impact of tidal stream turbine arrays on sediment transport in the Pentland Firth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 755-769.
    14. Cowles, Geoffrey W. & Hakim, Aradea R. & Churchill, James H., 2017. "A comparison of numerical and analytical predictions of the tidal stream power resource of Massachusetts, USA," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 215-228.
    15. Hu, Huakun & Xue, Wendong & Jiang, Peng & Li, Yong, 2022. "Bibliometric analysis for ocean renewable energy: An comprehensive review for hotspots, frontiers, and emerging trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    16. Jon Hardwick & Ed B. L. Mackay & Ian G. C. Ashton & Helen C. M. Smith & Philipp R. Thies, 2021. "Quantifying the Effects of Wave—Current Interactions on Tidal Energy Resource at Sites in the English Channel Using Coupled Numerical Simulations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-17, June.
    17. Philip A. Gillibrand & Roy A. Walters & Jason McIlvenny, 2016. "Numerical Simulations of the Effects of a Tidal Turbine Array on Near-Bed Velocity and Local Bed Shear Stress," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-22, October.
    18. Mestres, Marc & Griñó, Maria & Sierra, Joan Pau & Mösso, César, 2016. "Analysis of the optimal deployment location for tidal energy converters in the mesotidal Ria de Vigo (NW Spain)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 1179-1187.
    19. O’Hara Murray, Rory & Gallego, Alejandro, 2017. "A modelling study of the tidal stream resource of the Pentland Firth, Scotland," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(PB), pages 326-340.
    20. Marczinkowski, Hannah Mareike & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2019. "Evaluation of electricity storage versus thermal storage as part of two different energy planning approaches for the islands Samsø and Orkney," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 505-514.
    21. Coles, D.S. & Blunden, L.S. & Bahaj, A.S., 2017. "Assessment of the energy extraction potential at tidal sites around the Channel Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 171-186.
    22. Deng, Guizhong & Zhang, Zhaoru & Li, Ye & Liu, Hailong & Xu, Wentao & Pan, Yulin, 2020. "Prospective of development of large-scale tidal current turbine array: An example numerical investigation of Zhejiang, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    23. Thiébaut, Maxime & Sentchev, Alexei & du Bois, Pascal Bailly, 2019. "Merging velocity measurements and modeling to improve understanding of tidal stream resource in Alderney Race," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 460-470.
    24. Pérez-Ortiz, Alberto & Borthwick, Alistair G.L. & McNaughton, James & Smith, Helen C.M. & Xiao, Qing, 2017. "Resource characterization of sites in the vicinity of an island near a landmass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 265-276.
    25. Fairley, I. & Karunarathna, H. & Masters, I., 2018. "The influence of waves on morphodynamic impacts of energy extraction at a tidal stream turbine site in the Pentland Firth," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 630-647.

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