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Ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil over lithium impregnated calcium oxide: Kinetics and reusability studies

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  • Kaur, Mandeep
  • Ali, Amjad

Abstract

A series of Li/CaO catalysts has been prepared by impregnating 0.5–5.0 wt% Li in CaO by wet chemical method. Prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area studies, in order to establish the structure and surface morphology of the catalyst. Hammett indicator test study was performed to determine the basic strength of the Li/CaO catalysts. The prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of waste cottonseed oil (having 2.8 wt% free fatty acid contents) with ethanol. Under optimal reaction conditions viz., ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst to oil weight fraction of 5% and 65 °C reaction temperature, 98% fatty acid ethyl ester yield was obtained in 2.5 h of reaction duration. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the pseudo first order constant and Arrhenius activation energy were found to be 0.03 min−1 and 70.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. Further Li/CaO catalyst was also found to be effective for the ethanolysis and methanolysis of vegetable oils having up to 3.4 wt% free fatty acids. The use of 3-Li/CaO catalyst is advantageous considering that it not only utilizes waste cottonseed oil as a feedstock, but also renewable and nontoxic alcohol, ethanol, for the biodiesel production.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaur, Mandeep & Ali, Amjad, 2014. "Ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil over lithium impregnated calcium oxide: Kinetics and reusability studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 272-279.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:63:y:2014:i:c:p:272-279
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.09.024
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Balat, Mustafa & Balat, Havva, 2010. "Progress in biodiesel processing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(6), pages 1815-1835, June.
    2. Kaur, Mandeep & Ali, Amjad, 2011. "Lithium ion impregnated calcium oxide as nano catalyst for the biodiesel production from karanja and jatropha oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 2866-2871.
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    Cited by:

    1. Khatibi, Maryam & Khorasheh, Farhad & Larimi, Afsanehsadat, 2021. "Biodiesel production via transesterification of canola oil in the presence of Na–K doped CaO derived from calcined eggshell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1626-1636.
    2. Marinković, Dalibor M. & Stanković, Miroslav V. & Veličković, Ana V. & Avramović, Jelena M. & Miladinović, Marija R. & Stamenković, Olivera O. & Veljković, Vlada B. & Jovanović, Dušan M., 2016. "Calcium oxide as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Current state and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1387-1408.
    3. Malhotra, Rashi & Ali, Amjad, 2018. "Lithium-doped ceria supported SBA−15 as mesoporous solid reusable and heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production via simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cottonseed oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 32-44.

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