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Analytical performance monitoring of a 142.5kWp grid-connected rooftop BIPV system in Singapore

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  • Wittkopf, Stephen
  • Valliappan, Selvam
  • Liu, Lingyun
  • Ang, Kian Seng
  • Cheng, Seng Chye Jonathan

Abstract

The first zero-energy office building in Singapore uses building integrated photovoltaics to meet its energy target. The main electricity generator is the 142.5kWp grid-connected BIPV system on the roof of the building. This paper presents the first performance assessment of the BIPV system over 18 months of operation following the guidelines of the IEC standard 61724 for measurement, data exchange and analysis. The performance analysis shows a good overall performance ratio of 0.81. The average array yield is 3.86h/d and – after subtracting the capture and system losses of 0.58h/d and 0.16h/d, respectively – the resulting final yield is 3.12h/d averaged over all arrays. The system and array efficiencies are 11.2% and 11.8%, respectively, compared to the nameplate PV module efficiency of 13.7%. The overall inverter efficiency is 94.8%. All the results are based on irradiance measurements with calibrated pyranometers. In addition, a classification of daily irradiance is presented, dividing the days into overcast, intermediate and clear days with each high, medium and low temporal change of irradiance levels. Results show that the performance ratio is lowest for clear days with high irradiance fluctuations, due to higher capture and system losses. Despite relatively higher losses, the absolute final yields are higher for clear days. Detailed analyses with respect to the impact of shading, orientation/tilt, and PV module temperature are also presented for selected arrays.

Suggested Citation

  • Wittkopf, Stephen & Valliappan, Selvam & Liu, Lingyun & Ang, Kian Seng & Cheng, Seng Chye Jonathan, 2012. "Analytical performance monitoring of a 142.5kWp grid-connected rooftop BIPV system in Singapore," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 9-20.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:47:y:2012:i:c:p:9-20
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.03.034
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    1. So, Jung Hun & Jung, Young Seok & Yu, Gwon Jong & Choi, Ju Yeop & Choi, Jae Ho, 2007. "Performance results and analysis of 3kW grid-connected PV systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 1858-1872.
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    2. Pandey, A.K. & Tyagi, V.V. & Selvaraj, Jeyraj A/L & Rahim, N.A. & Tyagi, S.K., 2016. "Recent advances in solar photovoltaic systems for emerging trends and advanced applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 859-884.
    3. Lee, Jae Bum & Park, Jae Wan & Yoon, Jong Ho & Baek, Nam Choon & Kim, Dai Kon & Shin, U. Cheul, 2014. "An empirical study of performance characteristics of BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) system for the realization of zero energy building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 25-34.
    4. Humada, Ali M. & Aaref, Ashty M. & Hamada, Hussein M. & Sulaiman, Mohd Herwan & Amin, Nowshad & Mekhilef, Saad, 2018. "Modeling and characterization of a grid-connected photovoltaic system under tropical climate conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2094-2105.
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    7. Sonali Goel & Renu Sharma, 2021. "Analysis of measured and simulated performance of a grid-connected PV system in eastern India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 451-476, January.
    8. Goel, Sonali & Sharma, Renu, 2017. "Performance evaluation of stand alone, grid connected and hybrid renewable energy systems for rural application: A comparative review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1378-1389.
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    10. Spiliotis, Konstantinos & Gonçalves, Juliana E. & Van De Sande, Wieland & Ravyts, Simon & Daenen, Michael & Saelens, Dirk & Baert, Kris & Driesen, Johan, 2019. "Modeling and validation of a DC/DC power converter for building energy simulations: Application to BIPV systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 646-665.
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    12. Zingre, Kishor T. & Wan, Man Pun & Tong, Shanshan & Li, Hua & Chang, Victor W.-C. & Wong, Swee Khian & Thian Toh, Winston Boo & Leng Lee, Irene Yen, 2015. "Modeling of cool roof heat transfer in tropical climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 210-223.
    13. Li, Xian & Lin, Alexander & Young, Chin-Huai & Dai, Yanjun & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2019. "Energetic and economic evaluation of hybrid solar energy systems in a residential net-zero energy building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    14. Saber, Esmail M. & Lee, Siew Eang & Manthapuri, Sumanth & Yi, Wang & Deb, Chirag, 2014. "PV (photovoltaics) performance evaluation and simulation-based energy yield prediction for tropical buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 588-595.
    15. Savvakis, Nikolaos & Tsoutsos, Theocharis, 2015. "Performance assessment of a thin film photovoltaic system under actual Mediterranean climate conditions in the island of Crete," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1435-1455.
    16. Sreenath, S. & Sudhakar, K. & Yusop, A.F., 2020. "Technical assessment of captive solar power plant: A case study of Senai airport, Malaysia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 849-866.
    17. Madeti, Siva Ramakrishna & Singh, S.N., 2017. "Monitoring system for photovoltaic plants: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1180-1207.
    18. Edalati, Saeed & Ameri, Mehran & Iranmanesh, Masoud, 2015. "Comparative performance investigation of mono- and poly-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules for use in grid-connected photovoltaic systems in dry climates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 255-265.
    19. Vassiliades, C. & Agathokleous, R. & Barone, G. & Forzano, C. & Giuzio, G.F. & Palombo, A. & Buonomano, A. & Kalogirou, S., 2022. "Building integration of active solar energy systems: A review of geometrical and architectural characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    20. Daher, Daha Hassan & Gaillard, Léon & Amara, Mohamed & Ménézo, Christophe, 2018. "Impact of tropical desert maritime climate on the performance of a PV grid-connected power plant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 729-737.
    21. Irshad, Ahmad Shah & Ludin, Gul Ahmad & Masrur, Hasan & Ahmadi, Mikaeel & Yona, Atsushi & Mikhaylov, Alexey & Krishnan, Narayanan & Senjyu, Tomonobu, 2023. "Optimization of grid-photovoltaic and battery hybrid system with most technically efficient PV technology after the performance analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 714-730.
    22. Pillai, Dhanup S. & Shabunko, Veronika & Krishna, Amal, 2022. "A comprehensive review on building integrated photovoltaic systems: Emphasis to technological advancements, outdoor testing, and predictive maintenance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).

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