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Solar water heating in Lebanon: Current status and future prospects

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  • Houri, Ahmad

Abstract

The use of solar thermal collectors is an economic alternative for water heating in Lebanon. More than 100,000m2 of collector area has been installed while the market can accommodate more than 1.5 million m2. The domestic sector, which is a main energy-consuming sector, stands to benefit the most from the implementation of such systems. Despite the lack of encouraging legislation, the solar thermal market has been continuously growing over the past decade. Both local manufacturers and importers have been active in the field. In addition, advanced forced circulation and collective systems are being used in large establishments, individual house and apartment buildings. Internationally funded demonstration projects using collective systems have been implemented in recent years with promising results. Simplified initial estimates indicate a payback period of 4–5 years while advanced mathematical models (RETScreen) indicate that the most advanced evacuated tube technology has a payback period of less than 9 years at current market prices. With decreasing cost per square meter of installed collectors, payback periods are expected to rapidly decrease. Regulatory support and tax breaks, if implemented, will have a positive effect on the market. The current increases in diesel prices are increasing demand on solar thermal water heaters.

Suggested Citation

  • Houri, Ahmad, 2006. "Solar water heating in Lebanon: Current status and future prospects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 663-675.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:31:y:2006:i:5:p:663-675
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2005.08.003
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sakkal, F. & Ghaddar, N. & Diab, J., 1993. "Solar collectors for the Beirut climate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(4), pages 313-325.
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    1. Alonso-Tristán, C. & González-Peña, D. & Díez-Mediavilla, M. & Rodríguez-Amigo, M. & García-Calderón, T., 2011. "Small hydropower plants in Spain: A case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 2729-2735, August.
    2. Mahesh, Aeidapu & Sandhu, Kanwarjit Singh, 2015. "Hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system developments: Critical review and findings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1135-1147.
    3. Qiu, Shoufeng & Ruth, Matthias & Ghosh, Sanchari, 2015. "Evacuated tube collectors: A notable driver behind the solar water heater industry in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 580-588.
    4. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V. & Leahy, M., 2010. "A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(4), pages 1059-1082, April.
    5. Diego-Ayala, U. & Carrillo, J.G., 2016. "Evaluation of temperature and efficiency in relation to mass flow on a solar flat plate collector in Mexico," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 756-764.
    6. Khodr, Hiba & Uherova Hasbani, Katarina, 2013. "The dynamics of energy policy in Lebanon when research, politics, and policy fail to intersect," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 629-642.
    7. El-Fadel, R.H. & Hammond, G.P. & Harajli, H.A. & Jones, C.I. & Kabakian, V.K. & Winnett, A.B., 2010. "The Lebanese electricity system in the context of sustainable development," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 751-761, February.
    8. Lorenc Malka & Elena Bebi & Majlinda Alcani & Ilirian Konomi & Pietro Bartocci & Evis Berberi & Matilda Shehu(Tola) & Ardit Gjeta & Ermonela Rrapaj, 2021. "The Future Strategies of the Wind Power Development in Albania: Case Study: Qafe Thane, Pogradec, Albania," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(4), pages 486-503.
    9. Salehin, Sayedus & Ferdaous, M. Tanvirul & Chowdhury, Ridhwan M. & Shithi, Sumaia Shahid & Rofi, M.S.R. Bhuiyan & Mohammed, Mahir Asif, 2016. "Assessment of renewable energy systems combining techno-economic optimization with energy scenario analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 729-741.
    10. Maxoulis, Christos N. & Charalampous, Harris P. & Kalogirou, Soteris A., 2007. "Cyprus solar water heating cluster: A missed opportunity?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 3302-3315, June.
    11. Ibrahim, Oussama & Fardoun, Farouk & Younes, Rafic & Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna, 2013. "Energy status in Lebanon and electricity generation reform plan based on cost and pollution optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 255-278.
    12. Mehran Dehghan & Carlos F. Pfeiffer & Elyas Rakhshani & Reza Bakhshi-Jafarabadi, 2021. "A Review on Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar Water Heating Systems in the Middle East," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-28, August.
    13. Sıdıka Ece Yılmaz & Hasan Yildizhan & Cihan Yıldırım & Chuang-Yao Zhao & João Gomes & Tarik Alkharusi, 2023. "The Drivers and Barriers of the Solar Water Heating Entrepreneurial System: A Cost–Benefit Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-20, October.
    14. El Fadel, M. & Rachid, G. & El-Samra, R. & Bou Boutros, G. & Hashisho, J., 2013. "Emissions reduction and economic implications of renewable energy market penetration of power generation for residential consumption in the MENA region," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 618-627.

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