The perfect marriage and much more: Combining dimension reduction, distance measures and covariance

We develop a novel methodology based on the marriage between the Bhattacharyya distance, a measure of similarity across distributions of random variables, and the Johnson–Lindenstrauss Lemma, a technique for dimension reduction. The resulting technique is a simple yet powerful tool that allows comparisons between data-sets representing any two distributions. The degree to which different entities, (markets, universities, hospitals, cities, groups of securities, etc.), have different distance measures of their corresponding distributions tells us the extent to which they are different, aiding participants looking for diversification or looking for more of the same thing. We demonstrate a relationship between covariance and distance measures based on a generic extension of Stein’s Lemma. We consider an asset pricing application and then briefly discuss how this methodology lends itself to numerous market–structure studies and even applications outside the realm of finance / social sciences by illustrating a biological application. We provide numerical illustrations using security prices, volumes and volatilities of both these variables from six different countries.