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Testing the impact of the gold price, oil price, and renewable energy on carbon emissions in South Africa: Novel evidence from bootstrap ARDL and NARDL approaches

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  • Ali, Mumtaz
  • Tursoy, Turgut
  • Samour, Ahmed
  • Moyo, Delani
  • Konneh, Abrahim

Abstract

Rapid industrialization has resulted in a remarkable increase in South Africa's gross domestic product (GDP). On the flip side, due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable extraction of natural resources, including gold, and economic growth produce environmental challenges such as climate change in particular CO2 emission in the country. This study aims to test the impact of oil price, gold price, and renewable energy on the environmental quality in the short and long-run in South Africa, using the novel method the bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lag testing (ARDL) and Non-Linear ARDL. The study found that renewable energy improves environmental quality in both the short and long run. Furthermore, the present research demonstrates that the positive shocks in oil price contributes negatively to environmental pollution in South Africa. On the contrary, positive shocks in gold price positively affected the level of environmental pollution. The study results can be explained by the fact that South Africa is heavily dependent on imported oil. In contrast, South Africa is heavily dependent on exported gold. The present research suggests that the rate of imported oil in South Africa should be reduced by focusing on more clean sources of energy to avert any undesirable impacts of oil price volatilities on the environmental quality. Furthermore, the study suggests that the policymakers in South Africa must form new strategies to sustain the gold market, and promote environmental quality, and green investment.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali, Mumtaz & Tursoy, Turgut & Samour, Ahmed & Moyo, Delani & Konneh, Abrahim, 2022. "Testing the impact of the gold price, oil price, and renewable energy on carbon emissions in South Africa: Novel evidence from bootstrap ARDL and NARDL approaches," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:79:y:2022:i:c:s0301420722004275
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102984
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