IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v75y2022ics0301420721005493.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do employees' salaries and board of director's remuneration impact gold demand?: An empirical study

Author

Listed:
  • Tripathi, Nitya Nand
  • Raj, Asha Binu
  • Tiwari, Aviral Kumar

Abstract

This study discuss the relation between gold demands and employees' salaries. It also examines the linkages between the board of director's remuneration and gold demands. We investigate the association between two forms of gold, i.e., gold jewellery and gold bars & coins between both categories of incomes. There are two sources of income, one of them is from organized sources of income, and another is from unorganized sources of income. However, approximately 92% of the workforce falls under the unorganized sectors, and 8% fall under the organized sectors. Our study is based on the only income of corporate sectors (i.e. formal sectors) which fall under the organized income group. In this study, the demand function is investigated in terms of corporate incomes and the price of the gold. This study provides analytical and empirical linkages between gold demands and corporate income during 2010–2019. It is an unbalanced panel data with 386,312 quarterly board of directors' remuneration from 2424 listed firms. We take quarterly employees' salaries paid by 2223 listed firms to their employees. We test the unit root test to check the stationarity of data. This paper uses the Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation and Error Correction Models to test the research hypotheses. We find a positive relation between gold jewellery and income and no significant association between the gold bars & coins and income.

Suggested Citation

  • Tripathi, Nitya Nand & Raj, Asha Binu & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2022. "Do employees' salaries and board of director's remuneration impact gold demand?: An empirical study," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:75:y:2022:i:c:s0301420721005493
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102542
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420721005493
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102542?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Raj Aggarwal & Brian M. Lucey, 2007. "Psychological barriers in gold prices?," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(2), pages 217-230.
    2. Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Malik, Farooq & McAleer, Michael, 2011. "Risk management of precious metals," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 435-441.
    3. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    4. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    5. Johansen, Soren, 1991. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1551-1580, November.
    6. Zhang, Zijing & Zhang, Hong-Kun, 2016. "The dynamics of precious metal markets VaR: A GARCHEVT approach," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 14-27.
    7. Brun, Alessandro & Caniato, Federico & Caridi, Maria & Castelli, Cecilia & Miragliotta, Giovanni & Ronchi, Stefano & Sianesi, Andrea & Spina, Gianluca, 2008. "Logistics and supply chain management in luxury fashion retail: Empirical investigation of Italian firms," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(2), pages 554-570, August.
    8. Peter A. Abken, 1980. "The economics of gold price movements," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, vol. 66(Mar), pages 3-13.
    9. Caroline Moraes & Marylyn Carrigan & Carmela Bosangit & Carlos Ferreira & Michelle McGrath, 2017. "Understanding Ethical Luxury Consumption Through Practice Theories: A Study of Fine Jewellery Purchases," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 145(3), pages 525-543, October.
    10. Liu, Jingting, 2016. "Covered in Gold: Examining gold consumption by middle class consumers in emerging markets," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 739-747.
    11. Solt, Michael E & Swanson, Paul J, 1981. "On the Efficiency of the Markets for Gold and Silver," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 54(3), pages 453-478, July.
    12. Baur, Dirk G. & McDermott, Thomas K.J., 2016. "Why is gold a safe haven?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 10(C), pages 63-71.
    13. Bredin, Don & Conlon, Thomas & Potì, Valerio, 2015. "Does gold glitter in the long-run? Gold as a hedge and safe haven across time and investment horizon," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 320-328.
    14. Tully, Edel & Lucey, Brian M., 2007. "A power GARCH examination of the gold market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 316-325, June.
    15. Capie, Forrest & Mills, Terence C. & Wood, Geoffrey, 2005. "Gold as a hedge against the dollar," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 343-352, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. O'Connor, Fergal A. & Lucey, Brian M. & Batten, Jonathan A. & Baur, Dirk G., 2015. "The financial economics of gold — A survey," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 186-205.
    2. Beckmann, Joscha & Czudaj, Robert, 2013. "Gold as an inflation hedge in a time-varying coefficient framework," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 208-222.
    3. Semeyutin, Artur & Downing, Gareth, 2022. "Co-jumps in the U.S. interest rates and precious metals markets and their implications for investors," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    4. Joscha Beckmann & Robert Czudaj, 2012. "Gold as an Infl ation Hedge in a Time-Varying Coeffi cient Framework," Ruhr Economic Papers 0362, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
    5. Mohamed Arbi Madani & Zied Ftiti, 2019. "The Generalisation of the DMCA Coefficient to Serve Distinguishing Between Hedge and Safe Haven Capabilities of the Gold," Papers 1912.12590, arXiv.org.
    6. Ntim, Collins G. & English, John & Nwachukwu, Jacinta & Wang, Yan, 2015. "On the efficiency of the global gold markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 218-236.
    7. repec:zbw:rwirep:0362 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Bampinas, Georgios & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2015. "Are gold and silver a hedge against inflation? A two century perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 267-276.
    9. Hemant Manuj, 2021. "Is Gold a Hedge against Stock Price Risk in U.S. or Indian Markets?," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-14, September.
    10. Wang, Xinya & Lucey, Brian & Huang, Shupei, 2022. "Can gold hedge against oil price movements: Evidence from GARCH-EVT wavelet modeling," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    11. Kanjilal, Kakali & Ghosh, Sajal, 2017. "Dynamics of crude oil and gold price post 2008 global financial crisis – New evidence from threshold vector error-correction model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 358-365.
    12. Jambotkar Mrunali Manohar & Guntur Anjana Raju, 2021. "Does Gold Retain its Hedge and Safe Haven Role for Energy Sector Indices During COVID-19 Pandemic? A Crossquantilogram Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 233-240.
    13. Wang, Kuan-Min & Lee, Yuan-Ming, 2022. "Is gold a safe haven for exchange rate risks? An empirical study of major currency countries," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    14. Charles, Amélie & Darné, Olivier & Kim, Jae H., 2015. "Will precious metals shine? A market efficiency perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 284-291.
    15. Charteris, Ailie & Kallinterakis, Vasileios, 2021. "Feedback trading in retail-dominated assets: Evidence from the gold bullion coin market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    16. Shu-Mei Chiang & Chi-Tai Lin & Chien-Ming Huang, 2013. "The Relationships Among Stocks, Bonds and Gold: Safe Haven, Hedge or Neither?," Diversity, Technology, and Innovation for Operational Competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Technology Innovation and Industrial Management,, ToKnowPress.
    17. Vigne, Samuel A. & Lucey, Brian M. & O’Connor, Fergal A. & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2017. "The financial economics of white precious metals — A survey," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 292-308.
    18. Awasthi, Kritika & Ahmad, Wasim & Rahman, Abdul & Phani, B.V., 2020. "When US sneezes, clichés spread: How do the commodity index funds react then?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    19. Deren Caliskan & Mohammad Najand, 2016. "Stock market returns and the price of gold," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 17(1), pages 10-21, January.
    20. Salisu, Afees A. & Adediran, Idris, 2020. "Gold as a hedge against oil shocks: Evidence from new datasets for oil shocks," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    21. Mohamed Arbi Madani & Zied Ftiti, 2022. "Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil and currency market movements? A revisit using multifractal approach," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 367-400, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:75:y:2022:i:c:s0301420721005493. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.