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Social inequalities of park accessibility in Shenzhen, China: The role of park quality, transport modes, and hierarchical socioeconomic characteristics

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  • Xu, Mengya
  • Xin, Jing
  • Su, Shiliang
  • Weng, Min
  • Cai, Zhongliang

Abstract

Identifying the geographic units with restricted access to intra-urban parks has become a hot issue in transport studies. Previous literature has examined the social inequalities of park accessibility under the Western context; however, the issue has seldomly investigated against the non-Western background, especially in China. Using a case of Shenzhen (China), this paper examines the accessibility to parks of three quality levels (official standard) under four transport modes (public transit, walking, bicycle, and private car). In particular, the daily travel time from each community (8117) to each park (625) was harvested from the Baidu Map during 18:30–20:30 in July 2016. We further, based on the travel time calculations, develop four baseline indicators (the weighted average, the minimum, the maximum, and the standard deviation travel time) and three tolerance indicators of park accessibility (weighted average travel time within visit tolerance thresholds, standard deviation travel time within visit tolerance thresholds, and number of parks within visit tolerance thresholds) to measure park accessibility for each community. Results show that the seven accessibility indicators generate different estimations and the quantified accessibility varies greatly with park quality levels and transport modes. Communities present greater variations in accessibility to the first quality level and second quality level parks via walking and public transit. In addition, hierarchical regression is utilized to quantify the relationships between park accessibility and sociodemographic characteristics at two geographic levels (community and district). It is found that the associations are subjected to park quality, transport modes, and geographic levels. In particular, we discover significant social inequalities in park accessibility under the mode of public transit, walking, and bicycle. Our study should provide some new insights into accessibility research and advance the understanding of unequal park provision in developing countries.

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  • Xu, Mengya & Xin, Jing & Su, Shiliang & Weng, Min & Cai, Zhongliang, 2017. "Social inequalities of park accessibility in Shenzhen, China: The role of park quality, transport modes, and hierarchical socioeconomic characteristics," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 38-50.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jotrge:v:62:y:2017:i:c:p:38-50
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.010
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    8. Yun Hye Hwang & Ivan Kurniawan Nasution & Deepika Amonkar & Amy Hahs, 2020. "Urban Green Space Distribution Related to Land Values in Fast-Growing Megacities, Mumbai and Jakarta–Unexploited Opportunities to Increase Access to Greenery for the Poor," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-17, June.
    9. Yuhan Yu & Wenting Zhang & Peihong Fu & Wei Huang & Keke Li & Kai Cao, 2020. "The Spatial Optimization and Evaluation of the Economic, Ecological, and Social Value of Urban Green Space in Shenzhen," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-18, March.
    10. Zhipeng Zhu & Junyi Li & Ziru Chen, 2023. "Green space equity: spatial distribution of urban green spaces and correlation with urbanization in Xiamen, China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 423-443, January.
    11. Zhicheng Zheng & Haoming Xia & Shrinidhi Ambinakudige & Yaochen Qin & Yang Li & Zhixiang Xie & Lijun Zhang & Haibin Gu, 2019. "Spatial Accessibility to Hospitals Based on Web Mapping API: An Empirical Study in Kaifeng, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-14, February.
    12. Kukulska-Kozieł, Anita & Noszczyk, Tomasz & Gorzelany, Julia & Młocek, Wojciech, 2024. "Greenery in times of crisis: Accessibility, residents' travel preferences and the impact of travel time," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    13. Weichang Kong & Dorina Pojani & Neil Sipe & Dominic Stead, 2021. "Transport Poverty in Chinese Cities: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-24, April.
    14. Zekun Li & Shenjing He & Shiliang Su & Guie Li & Fei Chen, 2020. "Public Services Equalization in Urbanizing China: Indicators, Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Implications on Regional Economic Disparities," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 152(1), pages 1-65, November.
    15. Quxiao Chen & Chen Wang & Ge Lou & Mingyu Zhang & Shuang Wu, 2019. "Measurement of Urban Park Accessibility from the Quasi-Public Goods Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-17, August.
    16. Zuo, Yufan & Fu, Xiao & Liu, Zhiyuan & Huang, Di, 2021. "Short-term forecasts on individual accessibility in bus system based on neural network model," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    17. Wang, Ruoyu & Cao, Mengqiu & Yao, Yao & Wu, Wenjie, 2022. "The inequalities of different dimensions of visible street urban green space provision: a machine learning approach," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 117694, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    18. Weiyi Yu & Bindong Sun & Hong Hu, 2019. "Sustainable Development Research on the Spatial Differences in the Elderly Suitability of Shanghai Urban Parks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-19, November.
    19. Jinguang Zhang & Yingyi Cheng & Wei Wei & Bing Zhao, 2019. "Evaluating Spatial Disparity of Access to Public Parks in Gated and Open Communities with an Improved G2SFCA Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-19, October.
    20. Shihang Fu & Yaolin Liu & Ying Fang, 2021. "Measuring the Differences of Public Health Service Facilities and Their Influencing Factors," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-15, November.
    21. Hu, Lirong & He, Shenjing & Han, Zixuan & Xiao, He & Su, Shiliang & Weng, Min & Cai, Zhongliang, 2019. "Monitoring housing rental prices based on social media:An integrated approach of machine-learning algorithms and hedonic modeling to inform equitable housing policies," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 657-673.
    22. Fu, Xiao & Zuo, Yufan & Zhang, Shanqi & Liu, Zhiyuan, 2022. "Measuring joint space-time accessibility in transit network under travel time uncertainty," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 355-368.
    23. Shukui Tan & Yi Zhao & Wenke Huang, 2019. "Neighborhood Social Disadvantage and Bicycling Behavior: A Big Data-Spatial Approach Based on Social Indicators," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 145(3), pages 985-999, October.

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