IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jmacro/v81y2024ics0164070424000351.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Central bank digital currency and financial inclusion

Author

Listed:
  • Tan, Brandon Joel

Abstract

This paper develops a model to incorporate the impact of financial inclusion to study the implications of issuing a CBDC. In a “two-tier” model where banks distribute CBDC, CBDCs have the potential to increase the supply of deposits by incentivizing the unbanked to open bank accounts (offsetting potential flows from deposits to CBDCs), boosting overall lending. This is more likely when CBDC is valuable as a means of payment, provides anonymity in payments, and/or offers remuneration, especially in developing countries where the size and relative wealth of the previously unbanked population is large. CBDC can be optimal for household welfare even when overall lending decreases as households benefit from the value of using CBDC for payments and as an alternative “safe” savings vehicle.

Suggested Citation

  • Tan, Brandon Joel, 2024. "Central bank digital currency and financial inclusion," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmacro:v:81:y:2024:i:c:s0164070424000351
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2024.103620
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164070424000351
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jmacro.2024.103620?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Markus Brunnermeier & Jonathan Payne, 2022. "Platforms, Tokens, and Interoperability," Working Papers 2022-8, Princeton University. Economics Department..
    2. Sebastian Infante & Kyungmin Kim & Anna Orlik & André F. Silva & Robert J. Tetlow, 2022. "The Macroeconomic Implications of CBDC: A Review of the Literature," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-076, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    3. Francesca Carapella & Jean Flemming, 2020. "Central Bank Digital Currency: A Literature Review," FEDS Notes 2020-11-09-1, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    4. Fegatelli, Paolo, 2022. "A central bank digital currency in a heterogeneous monetary union: Managing the effects on the bank lending channel," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    5. Dutkowsky, Donald H. & VanHoose, David D., 2020. "Equal treatment under the Fed: Interest on reserves, the federal funds rate, and the ‘Third Regime’ of bank behavior," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    6. Brandon Tan, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currency Adoption: A Two-Sided Model," IMF Working Papers 2023/127, International Monetary Fund.
    7. David Andolfatto, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency on Private Banks," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 131(634), pages 525-540.
    8. Raphael Auer & Rainer Boehme, 2020. "The technology of retail central bank digital currency," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    9. Syngjoo Choi & Bongseob Kim & Young-Sik Kim & Ohik Kwon, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currency and Privacy: A Randomized Survey Experiment," BIS Working Papers 1147, Bank for International Settlements.
    10. Sebastian Infante & Kyungmin Kim & Anna Orlik & André F. Silva & Robert J. Tetlow, 2023. "Retail Central Bank Digital Currencies: Implications for Banking and Financial Stability," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2023-072, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    11. Jack Meaning & Ben Dyson & James Barker & Emily Clayton, 2021. "Broadening Narrow Money: Monetary Policy with a Central Bank Digital Currency," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 17(2), pages 1-42, June.
    12. Young Sik Kim & Ohik Kwon, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currency, Credit Supply, and Financial Stability," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 55(1), pages 297-321, February.
    13. Mr. Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli & Maria Soledad Martinez Peria & Mr. Itai Agur & Mr. Anil Ari & Mr. John Kiff & Ms. Adina Popescu & Ms. Celine Rochon, 2018. "Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currencies," IMF Staff Discussion Notes 2018/008, International Monetary Fund.
    14. Tercero-Lucas, David, 2023. "Central bank digital currencies and financial stability in a modern monetary system," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    15. Huifeng Chang & Federico Grinberg & Lucyna Gornicka & Mr. Marcello Miccoli & Brandon Tan, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currency and Bank Disintermediation in a Portfolio Choice Model," IMF Working Papers 2023/236, International Monetary Fund.
    16. Tommaso Mancini Griffoli & Maria Soledad Martinez Peria & Itai Agur & Anil Ari & John Kiff & Adina Popescu & Celine Rochon, 2018. "Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currencies," IMF Staff Discussion Notes 18/08, International Monetary Fund.
    17. Anh Le & Alexander Copestake & Brandon Tan & Mr. Shanaka J Peiris & Umang Rawat, 2023. "Macro-Financial Impacts of Foreign Digital Money," IMF Working Papers 2023/249, International Monetary Fund.
    18. Demirguc-Kunt,Asli & Klapper,Leora & Singer,Dorothe, 2017. "Financial inclusion and inclusive growth : a review of recent empirical evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8040, The World Bank.
    19. Raphael Auer & Giulio Cornelli & Jon Frost, 2020. "Covid-19, cash, and the future of payments," BIS Bulletins 3, Bank for International Settlements.
    20. Anneke Kosse & Ilaria Mattei, 2023. "Making headway - Results of the 2022 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies and crypto," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 136.
    21. James Chapman & Jonathan Chiu & Mohammad Davoodalhosseini & Janet Hua Jiang & Francisco Rivadeneyra & Yu Zhu, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currencies and Banking: Literature Review and New Questions," Discussion Papers 2023-4, Bank of Canada.
    22. Brandon Tan, 2023. "Central Bank Digital Currency and Financial Inclusion," IMF Working Papers 2023/069, International Monetary Fund.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wu, Jiaqi & Liu, Xin & Zhang, Chenghu, 2024. "Unveiling the influencing mechanism underlying users’ adoption and recommend intentions of central bank digital currency: A behavioral reasoning theory perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dionysopoulos, Lambis & Marra, Miriam & Urquhart, Andrew, 2024. "Central bank digital currencies: A critical review," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    2. Xin, Baogui & Jiang, Kai, 2023. "Central bank digital currency and the effectiveness of negative interest rate policy: A DSGE analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    3. Dunbar, Kwamie & Treku, Daniel N., 2024. "Examining the impact of a central bank digital currency on the access to banking," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    4. Tercero-Lucas, David, 2023. "Central bank digital currencies and financial stability in a modern monetary system," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    5. Wu, WenTing & Chen, XiaoQian & Zvarych, Roman & Huang, WeiLun, 2024. "The Stackelberg duel between Central Bank Digital Currencies and private payment titans in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    6. Larisa V. Sannikova, 2023. "Legal Framework for Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Digital Ruble," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 5, pages 27-44, October.
    7. Marcelo A. T. Aragão, 2021. "A Few Things You Wanted to Know about the Economics of CBDCs, but were Afraid to Model: a survey of what we can learn from who has done," Working Papers Series 554, Central Bank of Brazil, Research Department.
    8. Jooyong Jun & Eunjung Yeo, 2021. "Central bank digital currency, loan supply, and bank failure risk: a microeconomic approach," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-22, December.
    9. Cotugno, Matteo & Manta, Francesco & Perdichizzi, Salvatore & Stefanelli, Valeria, 2024. "Ready for a digital Euro? Insights from a research agenda," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PA).
    10. Rehman, Mubeen Abdur & Irfan, Muhammad & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Lucey, Brian M. & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Macro-financial implications of central bank digital currencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    11. Helmi, Mohamad Husam & Çatık, Abdurrahman Nazif & Akdeniz, Coşkun, 2023. "The impact of central bank digital currency news on the stock and cryptocurrency markets: Evidence from the TVP-VAR model," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    12. Li, Jiaqi, 2023. "Predicting the demand for central bank digital currency: A structural analysis with survey data," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 73-85.
    13. Vollmar, Steffen & Wening, Fabian, 2024. "The impact of CBDC on a deposit-dependent banking system," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    14. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Billah, Mabruk & Alam, Md Rafayet & Lucey, Brian, 2024. "Does news related to digital economy and central bank digital currency affect digital economy ETFs? Evidence from TVP-VAR connectedness and wavelet local multiple correlation analyses," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    15. Wang, Yi-Ran & Ma, Chao-Qun & Ren, Yi-Shuai, 2022. "A model for CBDC audits based on blockchain technology: Learning from the DCEP," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    16. Hoang, Yen Hai & Ngo, Vu Minh & Bich Vu, Ngoc, 2023. "Central bank digital currency: A systematic literature review using text mining approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    17. Agur, Itai & Ari, Anil & Dell’Ariccia, Giovanni, 2022. "Designing central bank digital currencies," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 62-79.
    18. Eun Young Oh & Shuonan Zhang, 2022. "Informal economy and central bank digital currency," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(4), pages 1520-1539, October.
    19. Ferrari Minesso, Massimo & Mehl, Arnaud & Stracca, Livio, 2022. "Central bank digital currency in an open economy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 54-68.
    20. Philippe Bacchetta & Elena Perazzi, 2021. "CBDC as Imperfect Substitute for Bank Deposits: A Macroeconomic Perspective," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 21-81, Swiss Finance Institute.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jmacro:v:81:y:2024:i:c:s0164070424000351. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/622617 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.