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Tolerance and HIV

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  • Francis, Andrew M.
  • Mialon, Hugo M.

Abstract

We empirically investigate the effect of tolerance for gays on the spread of HIV in the United States. Using a state-level panel dataset spanning the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, we find that tolerance is negatively associated with the HIV rate. We then investigate the causal mechanisms potentially underlying this relationship. We find evidence consistent with the theory that tolerance for homosexuals causes low-risk men to enter the pool of homosexual partners, as well as causes sexually active men to substitute away from underground, anonymous, and risky behaviors, both of which lower the HIV rate.

Suggested Citation

  • Francis, Andrew M. & Mialon, Hugo M., 2010. "Tolerance and HIV," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 250-267, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jhecon:v:29:y:2010:i:2:p:250-267
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Oster, Emily, 2012. "HIV and sexual behavior change: Why not Africa?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 35-49.
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    5. Philipson, Tomas & Posner, Richard A, 1994. "Public Spending on AIDS Education: An Economic Analysis," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 37(1), pages 17-38, April.
    6. Andrew M. Francis & Hugo M. Mialon, 2008. "The Optimal Penalty for Sexually Transmitting HIV," American Law and Economics Review, American Law and Economics Association, vol. 10(2), pages 388-423.
    7. Marianne Bertrand & Esther Duflo & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. "How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 119(1), pages 249-275.
    8. repec:bla:devpol:v:21:y:2003:i:1:p:27-49 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Hugo Mialon & Sue Mialon, 2005. "Sinful indulgences, soft substitutes, and self-control," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(12), pages 719-722.
    10. Avner Ahituv & V. Joseph Hotz & Tomas Philipson, 1996. "The Responsiveness of the Demand for Condoms to the Local Prevalence of AIDS," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 31(4), pages 869-897.
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    13. Francis, Andrew M., 2008. "The economics of sexuality: The effect of HIV/AIDS on homosexual behavior in the United States," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 675-689, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shuai Chen & Jan C. van Ours, 2022. "Mental health effects of same‐sex marriage legalization," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(1), pages 42-56, January.
    2. Hugo M. Mialon & Erik T. Nesson & Michael C. Samuel, 2016. "Crystal Clear? The Relationship Between Methamphetamine Use and Sexually Transmitted Infections," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 292-313, March.
    3. Michael Martell, 2013. "Do ENDAs End Discrimination for Behaviorally Gay Men?," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 34(2), pages 147-169, June.
    4. Heinsalu, Sander, 2021. "Promotion of (interaction) abstinence increases infection prevalence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 94-112.
    5. Sander Heinsalu, 2019. "When abstinence increases prevalence," Papers 1905.02073, arXiv.org.
    6. Amy Farmer & Andrew W. Horowitz, 2015. "Same‐sex relationship escalation with uncertain marriage legality: Theory and empirical implications," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 81(4), pages 995-1011, April.
    7. Hugo M. Mialon, & Erik Nesson & Michael C. Samuel, 2013. "Crystal Clear? The Relationship between Methamphetamine Use and Risky Sexual Behavior," Working Papers 201301, Ball State University, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2013.
    8. Delavande, Adeline & Sampaio, Mafalda & Sood, Neeraj, 2014. "HIV-related social intolerance and risky sexual behavior in a high HIV prevalence environment," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 84-93.
    9. Francis, Andrew M. & Mialon, Hugo M. & Peng, Handie, 2012. "In sickness and in health: Same-sex marriage laws and sexually transmitted infections," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(8), pages 1329-1341.

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    Keywords

    HIV Risky sex Gay tolerance;

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