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Proportional structural effects of formative indicators

Author

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  • Franke, George R.
  • Preacher, Kristopher J.
  • Rigdon, Edward E.

Abstract

Formative constructs must influence two or more distinct outcome variables for meaningful tests of the formative conceptualization. Because the construct mediates the effects of its indicators, the indicators must have effects on the outcomes that are proportional to their effects on the formative construct itself. This constraint has important implications for developing and testing formative models. This study demonstrates the existence of the constraint, shows that researchers must consider proportionality as a criterion for evaluating the formative conceptualization, provides examples of indicators having different effects and interpretations depending on the outcome variables used, discusses the selection of outcomes to provide rigorous rather than trivial tests of the formative conceptualization, and contends that the formative nature of constructs cannot be justified in isolation from the consideration of outcome variables. In addition, the study demonstrates the importance of considering how the scaling of the formative construct influences the significance of the effects in the model.

Suggested Citation

  • Franke, George R. & Preacher, Kristopher J. & Rigdon, Edward E., 2008. "Proportional structural effects of formative indicators," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 61(12), pages 1229-1237, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:61:y:2008:i:12:p:1229-1237
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jarvis, Cheryl Burke & MacKenzie, Scott B & Podsakoff, Philip M, 2003. "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 30(2), pages 199-218, September.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Cadogan, John W. & Lee, Nick, 2013. "Improper use of endogenous formative variables," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(2), pages 233-241.
    4. Azuela Flores José Ignacio & Jiménez Torres Nadia H., 2014. "El estado del arte de la orientación al mercado en las organizaciones culturales," Contaduría y Administración, Accounting and Management, vol. 59(1), pages 259-282, enero-mar.
    5. Dirk Temme & Adamantios Diamantopoulos & Vanessa Pfegfeidel, 2014. "Specifying Formatively-measured Constructs In Endogenous Positions In Structural Equation Models: Caveats and Guidelines For Researchers," Schumpeter Discussion Papers SDP14005, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library.
    6. Temme, Dirk & Diamantopoulos, Adamantios & Pfegfeidel, Vanessa, 2014. "Specifying formatively-measured constructs in endogenous positions in structural equation models: Caveats and guidelines for researchers," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 309-316.
    7. Rodgers, Waymond & Guiral, Andrés, 2011. "Potential model misspecification bias: Formative indicators enhancing theory for accounting researchers," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 25-50, March.
    8. Diamantopoulos, Adamantios & Riefler, Petra & Roth, Katharina P., 2008. "Advancing formative measurement models," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 61(12), pages 1203-1218, December.
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