IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intfin/v66y2020ics1042443120300913.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Institutional distance and cross-border M&A performance: A dynamic perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Wanli
  • Wang, Chaohui
  • Ren, Qizhe
  • Zhao, Ding

Abstract

Combining institutional theory and the knowledge-based theory of the firm, this study thoroughly analyzes the complicated effects of formal and informal institutional distance on firms’ short-term and long-term cross-border M&A performance. Using a sample of emerging market firms’ cross-border M&As from 2002 to 2016, the empirical results suggest that (1) the formal institutional distance has a significant negative effect on firms’ cross-border M&A performance in the short term and a significant positive effect in the long term and that (2) the informal institutional distance has a significant positive effect on firms’ cross-border M&A performance in the short term and a significant negative effect in the long term. Additionally, this study finds significant effects of the host country’s economic development, state ownership of the acquirer, acquirer firm size and M&A deal size. Some suggestions for future studies are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Wanli & Wang, Chaohui & Ren, Qizhe & Zhao, Ding, 2020. "Institutional distance and cross-border M&A performance: A dynamic perspective," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfin:v:66:y:2020:i:c:s1042443120300913
    DOI: 10.1016/j.intfin.2020.101207
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1042443120300913
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.intfin.2020.101207?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yook, Ken C & Gangopadhyay, Partha & McCabe, George M, 1999. "Information Asymmetry, Management Control, and Method of Payment in Acquisitions," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 22(4), pages 413-427, Winter.
    2. Bruce Kogut & Udo Zander, 1992. "Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 3(3), pages 383-397, August.
    3. Mukherji, Ananda & Mukherji, Jyotsna & Dibrell, Clay & Francis, John D., 2013. "Overbidding in cross-border acquisitions: Misperceptions in assessing and valuing knowledge," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 39-46.
    4. Oded Shenkar, 2001. "Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 32(3), pages 519-535, September.
    5. Bülent Aybar & Aysun Ficici, 2009. "Cross-border acquisitions and firm value: An analysis of emerging-market multinationals," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(8), pages 1317-1338, October.
    6. Minyuan Zhao, 2006. "Conducting R& D in Countries with Weak Intellectual Property Rights Protection," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(8), pages 1185-1199, August.
    7. Erden, Zeynep & Klang, David & Sydler, Renato & von Krogh, Georg, 2014. "Knowledge-flows and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 2777-2785.
    8. Wang, Yi & Larimo, Jorma, 2020. "Survival of full versus partial acquisitions: The moderating role of firm’s internationalization experience, cultural distance, and host country context characteristics," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    9. Lohmann, Johannes, 2011. "Do language barriers affect trade?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 110(2), pages 159-162, February.
    10. Kevin K. Boeh, 2011. "Contracting Costs and Information Asymmetry Reduction in Cross‐Border M&A," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(3), pages 568-590, May.
    11. Georgieva, Dobrina & Jandik, Tomas, 2012. "Alternative paths of convergence toward U.S. market and legal regulations: Cross-listing vs. merging with U.S. bidders," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(5), pages 230-251.
    12. Li, Jiatao & Wan, Guoguang, 2016. "China's Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions: A Contextual Distance Perspective," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 449-456, September.
    13. Shao-Chi Chang & Ming-Tse Tsai, 2013. "The effect of prior alliance experience on acquisition performance," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(6), pages 765-773, February.
    14. Delia Ionascu & Klaus E. Meyer & Saul Estrin, 2004. "Institutional Distance And International Business Strategies In Emerging Economies," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp728, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    15. Douglas Dow & Amal Karunaratna, 2006. "Developing a multidimensional instrument to measure psychic distance stimuli," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(5), pages 578-602, September.
    16. Min Du & Agyenim Boateng & David Newton, 2016. "The impact of state ownership, formal institutions and resource seeking on acquirers’ returns of Chinese M&A," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 159-178, July.
    17. Dynah A. Basuil & Deepak K. Datta, 2015. "Effects of Industry- and Region-Specific Acquisition Experience on Value Creation in Cross-Border Acquisitions: The Moderating Role of Cultural Similarity," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(6), pages 766-795, September.
    18. Brock, David M., 2005. "Multinational acquisition integration: the role of national culture in creating synergies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 269-288, June.
    19. Robert L. Conn & Andy Cosh & Paul M. Guest & Alan Hughes, 2005. "The Impact on UK Acquirers of Domestic, Cross‐border, Public and Private Acquisitions," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(5‐6), pages 815-870, June.
    20. Michael A Witt & Arie Y Lewin, 2007. "Outward foreign direct investment as escape response to home country institutional constraints," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(4), pages 579-594, July.
    21. Max Boisot & Marshall W. Meyer, 2008. "Which Way through the Open Door? Reflections on the Internationalization of Chinese Firms," Management and Organization Review, The International Association for Chinese Management Research, vol. 4(3), pages 349-365, November.
    22. Hernández, Virginia & Nieto, María Jesús, 2015. "The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional distance on the choice of international entry modes," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 122-132.
    23. Dikova, Desislava & Rao Sahib, Padma, 2013. "Is cultural distance a bane or a boon for cross-border acquisition performance?," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 77-86.
    24. Ken C. Yook & Partha Gangopadhyay & George M. McCabe, 1999. "Information Asymmetry, Management Control, And Method Of Payment In Acquisitions," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 22(4), pages 413-427, December.
    25. Boisot, Max & Meyer, Marshall W., 2008. "Which Way through the Open Door? Reflections on the Internationalization of Chinese Firms," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(3), pages 349-365, November.
    26. Hema A. Krishnan & Michael A. Hitt & Daewoo Park, 2007. "Acquisition Premiums, Subsequent Workforce Reductions and Post‐Acquisition Performance," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(5), pages 709-732, July.
    27. Asheim, Bjorn T. & Coenen, Lars, 2005. "Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1173-1190, October.
    28. Nonaka, Ikujiro & Toyama, Ryoko & Nagata, Akiya, 2000. "A Firm as a Knowledge-Creating Entity: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, March.
    29. Bruce Kogut & Harbir Singh, 1988. "The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 19(3), pages 411-432, September.
    30. Victoria Golikova & Paivi Karhunen & Riitta Kosonen, 2013. "Internationalization of Russian firms as institutional arbitrage: The case of Finland," ERSA conference papers ersa13p1144, European Regional Science Association.
    31. Piero Morosini & Scott Shane & Harbir Singh, 1998. "National Cultural Distance and Cross-Border Acquisition Performance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 29(1), pages 137-158, March.
    32. Qiu, Shumin & Liu, Xielin & Gao, Taishan, 2017. "Do emerging countries prefer local knowledge or distant knowledge? Spillover effect of university collaborations on local firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(7), pages 1299-1311.
    33. Penrose, Edith, 2009. "The Theory of the Growth of the Firm," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, edition 4, number 9780199573844.
    34. Gregory Jackson & Richard Deeg, 2008. "Comparing capitalisms: understanding institutional diversity and its implications for international business," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(4), pages 540-561, June.
    35. Aktas, Nihat & de Bodt, Eric & Roll, Richard, 2013. "Learning from repetitive acquisitions: Evidence from the time between deals," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 99-117.
    36. Liou, Ru-Shiun & Rao-Nicholson, Rekha, 2017. "Out of Africa: The role of institutional distance and host-home colonial tie in South African Firms’ post-acquisition performance in developed economies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 1184-1195.
    37. David J. Teece, 2003. "Towards an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Essays In Technology Management And Policy Selected Papers of David J Teece, chapter 15, pages 419-446, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    38. Donna Marie DeCarolis & David L. Deeds, 1999. "The impact of stocks and flows of organizational knowledge on firm performance: an empirical investigation of the biotechnology industry," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(10), pages 953-968, October.
    39. Huan Zou & Pervez N. Ghauri, 2008. "Learning through international acquisitions: The process of knowledge acquisition in China," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 207-226, April.
    40. Sung-Jun Lee & Soojin Kim & Joongwha Kim, 2019. "A Comparative Study of Cross-Border and Domestic Acquisition Performances in the South Korean M&A Market: Testing the Two Competing Theories of Culture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-23, April.
    41. Rajesh Chakrabarti & Swasti Gupta-Mukherjee & Narayanan Jayaraman, 2009. "Mars–Venus marriages: Culture and cross-border M&A," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(2), pages 216-236, February.
    42. Zhu, Hong & Xia, Jun & Makino, Shige, 2015. "How do high-technology firms create value in international M&A? Integration, autonomy and cross-border contingencies," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 718-728.
    43. Robert L. Conn & Andy Cosh & Paul M. Guest & Alan Hughes, 2005. "The Impact on UK Acquirers of Domestic, Cross-border, Public and Private Acquisitions," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(5-6), pages 815-870.
    44. Schweizer, Denis & Walker, Thomas & Zhang, Aoran, 2019. "Cross-border acquisitions by Chinese enterprises: The benefits and disadvantages of political connections," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 63-85.
    45. Michael C. Jensen & William H. Heckling, 1995. "Specific And General Knowledge, And Organizational Structure," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 8(2), pages 4-18, June.
    46. Jun-Koo Kang & Jin-Mo Kim, 2010. "Do foreign investors exhibit a corporate governance disadvantage? An information asymmetry perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(8), pages 1415-1438, October.
    47. Li, Jiatao & Li, Peixin & Wang, Baolian, 2016. "Do cross-border acquisitions create value? Evidence from overseas acquisitions by Chinese firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 471-483.
    48. Klaus E Meyer & Yuan Ding & Jing Li & Hua Zhang, 2014. "Overcoming distrust: How state-owned enterprises adapt their foreign entries to institutional pressures abroad," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(8), pages 1005-1028, October.
    49. Du, Min & Boateng, Agyenim, 2015. "State ownership, institutional effects and value creation in cross-border mergers & acquisitions by Chinese firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 430-442.
    50. Cho, Hyejin & Ahn, He Soung, 2017. "Stock payment and the effects of institutional and cultural differences: A study of shareholder value creation in cross-border M&As," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 461-475.
    51. Slangen, Arjen H.L., 2006. "National cultural distance and initial foreign acquisition performance: The moderating effect of integration," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 161-170, June.
    52. Sathyajit R Gubbi & Preet S Aulakh & Sougata Ray & M B Sarkar & Raveendra Chittoor, 2010. "Do international acquisitions by emerging-economy firms create shareholder value? The case of Indian firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(3), pages 397-418, April.
    53. Günter K. Stahl & Andreas Voigt, 2008. "Do Cultural Differences Matter in Mergers and Acquisitions? A Tentative Model and Examination," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(1), pages 160-176, February.
    54. Taco H Reus & Bruce T Lamont, 2009. "The double-edged sword of cultural distance in international acquisitions," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(8), pages 1298-1316, October.
    55. Boateng, Agyenim & Du, Min & Bi, XiaoGang & Lodorfos, George, 2019. "Cultural distance and value creation of cross-border M&A: The moderating role of acquirer characteristics," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 285-295.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Hongshu & Shi, Xinwei & Chen, Wenwei & Chen, Zeyu & Wang, Zhijie, 2024. "The impact of formal and informal institutional distances on the strategic asset seeking motives of Chinese multinational enterprises: An analysis of patent and trademark acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(4).
    2. Cappa, Francesco & Collevecchio, Francesca & Oriani, Raffaele & Peruffo, Enzo, 2022. "Banks responding to the digital surge through Open Innovation: Stock market performance effects of M&As with fintech firms," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    3. Hossain, Mohammed Sawkat, 2021. "Merger & Acquisitions (M&As) as an important strategic vehicle in business: Thematic areas, research avenues & possible suggestions," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    4. Hussain, Tanveer & Loureiro, Gilberto, 2023. "Target industry takeover competition and the wealth effects of mergers and acquisitions: International evidence," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    5. Zheng, Zhigang & Li, Jiarong & Ren, Xingzi & Guo, Jie Michael, 2023. "Does corporate ESG create value? New evidence from M&As in China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    6. Du, Yan & Goodell, John W. & Piljak, Vanja & Vulanovic, Milos, 2022. "Subsidiary financing choices: The roles of institutional distances from home countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    7. Lee, In Hyeock (Ian) & Hong, Eunsuk & Shin, Jong Kook, 2023. "Multinational enterprises, intra-regional cross-border M&As, and performance: Location advantages of market versus knowledge," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(6).
    8. Li, Wanli & Su, Yueying & Wang, Kaixiu, 2022. "How does economic policy uncertainty affect cross-border M&A: Evidence from Chinese firms," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    9. Guo, Jianquan & Cheng, He, 2024. "Performance feedback on sales growth and M&A: Evidence from China," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    10. Haiting Li & Shuzhen Li & Xiangcen Zhan & Feng Zhang & Mingwei Sun, 2022. "Corporate social responsibility and cross-border M&A: The moderating effect of institutional distance," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(1), pages 1-17, January.
    11. Zeng, Rong (Ratchel) & Oh, Won-Yong & Zhu, Pengcheng, 2023. "Will investors’ excitement last? Determinants of investors’ responses to cross-border acquisitions by Chinese firms," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    12. Harjoto, Maretno A. & Hoepner, Andreas G.F. & Li, Qian, 2021. "Corporate social irresponsibility and portfolio performance: A cross-national study," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    13. Myznikava, Katsiaryna (Katherine) & Farinha, Jorge, 2023. "The impact of political freedoms on cross-border M&A abandonment likelihood," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 112-138.
    14. Li, Wanli & Lai, Yin & Wang, Chaohui & Tan, Bowen, 2022. "How do emerging debt market participants recognize firm internationalization?Evidence from effects on credit ratings," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Boateng, Agyenim & Du, Min & Bi, XiaoGang & Lodorfos, George, 2019. "Cultural distance and value creation of cross-border M&A: The moderating role of acquirer characteristics," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 285-295.
    2. Tu, Wenjun & Zheng, Xiaolan & Li, Lei & Lin, Zhiang (John), 2021. "Do Chinese firms benefit from government ownership following cross-border acquisitions?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(3).
    3. Jin-Young Jung & Wei Wang & Sung-Woo Cho, 2020. "The Role of Confucius Institutes and One Belt, One Road Initiatives on the Values of Cross-Border M&A: Empirical Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Datta, Deepak K. & Basuil, Dynah A. & Agarwal, Ankita, 2020. "Effects of board characteristics on post-acquisition performance: A study of cross-border acquisitions by firms in the manufacturing sector," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
    5. Ye, Silin & Zhou, Jing & Jiang, Yunwen & Liu, Xiaming, 2023. "Managers as the bridge: How cultural friction influences the integration of cross-border mergers and acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    6. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    7. Cui, Lin & Gao, Qiuling & Guo, Jinyu & Ma, Pengcheng, 2022. "OFDI performance of EMNEs: A review and recommendations for future research," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(3).
    8. Cho, Hyejin & Ahn, He Soung, 2017. "Stock payment and the effects of institutional and cultural differences: A study of shareholder value creation in cross-border M&As," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 461-475.
    9. Li, Jiatao & Li, Peixin & Wang, Baolian, 2016. "Do cross-border acquisitions create value? Evidence from overseas acquisitions by Chinese firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 471-483.
    10. Zhang, Zhu & Lyles, Marjorie A. & Wu, Changqi, 2020. "The stock market performance of exploration-oriented and exploitation-oriented cross-border mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from emerging market enterprises," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4).
    11. Wang, Daojuan & Hain, Daniel S. & Larimo, Jorma & Dao, Li T., 2020. "Cultural differences and synergy realization in cross-border acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
    12. Renneboog, Luc & Vansteenkiste, Cara, 2019. "Failure and success in mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 650-699.
    13. Yunjae Bae & Kyungsuk Lee & Taewoo Roh, 2020. "Acquirer’s Absorptive Capacity and Firm Performance: The Perspectives of Strategic Behavior and Knowledge Assets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-28, October.
    14. Hitt, Michael A. & Li, Dan & Xu, Kai, 2016. "International strategy: From local to global and beyond," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 58-73.
    15. Srivastava, Saurabh & Singh, Shiwangi & Dhir, Sanjay, 2020. "Culture and International business research: A review and research agenda," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4).
    16. Jha, Anand & Kim, YoungJun & Gutierrez-Wirsching, Sandra, 2019. "Formation of cross-border corporate strategic alliances: The roles of trust and cultural, institutional, and geographical distances," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 22-38.
    17. Li, Wanli & Lai, Yin & Wang, Chaohui & Tan, Bowen, 2022. "How do emerging debt market participants recognize firm internationalization?Evidence from effects on credit ratings," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    18. Sjoerd Beugelsdijk & Tatiana Kostova & Vincent E. Kunst & Ettore Spadafora & Marc van Essen, 2018. "Cultural Distance and Firm Internationalization," Post-Print hal-02312065, HAL.
    19. Schriber, Svante & Degischer, Daniel, 2020. "Disentangling acquisition experience: A multilevel analysis and future research agenda," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 36(2).
    20. Samta Jain & Smita Kashiramka & P. K. Jain, 2018. "Impact of Organizational Learning and Absorptive Capacity on the Abnormal Returns of Acquirers: Evidence from Cross-Border Acquisitions by Indian Companies," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 19(4), pages 289-303, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Institutional distance; M&A performance; Institutional arbitrage; Knowledge-based view of the firm;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
    • M41 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Accounting

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intfin:v:66:y:2020:i:c:s1042443120300913. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/intfin .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.