IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intell/v80y2020ics0160289620300337.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

No decline in the principle-based thought of 9-year-old schoolchildren between 1991 and 2001

Author

Listed:
  • Must, Olev
  • Must, Aasa

Abstract

An estimation of the Flynn Effect using samples of 9-year-old students from 9 countries (Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden and the USA) was carried out. We used data from the 1991 and the 2001 IEA Reading Literacy Study (N = 59,115). The items were categorized into Realistic (RT), Rule-based (RBT) and Principle-based (PBT) Thought scales, based on the theory of developmental cycles by Demetriou and Spanoudis (2018). Alignment optimization was used for the modelling. We controlled for two hypotheses: 1. The scores for the RBT and PBT scales would rise, but the scores for the RT scale would remain stable, or even decline. 2. The scores for the RT and RBT would rise, or remain stable, while the scores for the PBT scales would decline. Neither expectation was confirmed. In general, the scores rose in all the scales. The mean rise for the 27 cohort comparisons was 2.96 IQ points (ranging from −1.80 to 9.45 IQ points). The scores in the USA remained stable, while the RT score fell in Sweden. The change in test scores correlated negatively (−0.65 to −0.75) with the results of the initial measurement. The highest rises occurred in countries where the initial scores were low. Our finding did not confirm a decline in abstract thinking abilities in recent decades. The rise in test scores could be due to the nature of the test and to educational and societal changes that took place between the measurements.

Suggested Citation

  • Must, Olev & Must, Aasa, 2020. "No decline in the principle-based thought of 9-year-old schoolchildren between 1991 and 2001," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intell:v:80:y:2020:i:c:s0160289620300337
    DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101455
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289620300337
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101455?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shirin Shafiei Ebrahimi, 2016. "Effect of Digital Reading on Comprehension of English Prose Texts in EFL/ESL Contexts," International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(2), pages 111-117, June.
    2. William Meredith, 1993. "Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 58(4), pages 525-543, December.
    3. Must, Olev & Must, Aasa, 2018. "Speed and the Flynn Effect," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 37-47.
    4. Shirin Shafiei Ebrahimi, 2016. "Effect of Digital Reading on Comprehension of English Prose Texts in EFL/ESL Contexts," International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(2), pages 111-117.
    5. Flynn, James R. & Shayer, Michael, 2018. "IQ decline and Piaget: Does the rot start at the top?," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 112-121.
    6. Heiner Rindermann & Stefan Pichelmann, 2015. "Future Cognitive Ability: US IQ Prediction until 2060 Based on NAEP," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-19, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Demetriou, Andreas & Golino, Hudson & Spanoudis, George & Makris, Nikolaos & Greiff, Samuel, 2021. "The future of intelligence: The central meaning-making unit of intelligence in the mind, the brain, and artificial intelligence," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Egeland, Jonathan, 2022. "The ups and downs of intelligence: The co-occurrence model and its associated research program," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    2. Johan Oud & Manuel Voelkle, 2014. "Do missing values exist? Incomplete data handling in cross-national longitudinal studies by means of continuous time modeling," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 48(6), pages 3271-3288, November.
    3. Liat Ayalon, 2018. "Perceived Age Discrimination: A Precipitator or a Consequence of Depressive Symptoms?," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(5), pages 860-869.
    4. Steven Andrew Culpepper & Herman Aguinis & Justin L. Kern & Roger Millsap, 2019. "High-Stakes Testing Case Study: A Latent Variable Approach for Assessing Measurement and Prediction Invariance," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 84(1), pages 285-309, March.
    5. Ihsana Sabriani Borualogo & Ferran Casas, 2023. "Bullying Victimisation and Children’s Subjective Well-being: A Comparative Study in Seven Asian Countries," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 16(1), pages 1-27, February.
    6. Shelley H. Liu & Yitong Chen & Jordan R. Kuiper & Emily Ho & Jessie P. Buckley & Leah Feuerstahler, 2024. "Applying Latent Variable Models to Estimate Cumulative Exposure Burden to Chemical Mixtures and Identify Latent Exposure Subgroups: A Critical Review and Future Directions," Statistics in Biosciences, Springer;International Chinese Statistical Association, vol. 16(2), pages 482-502, July.
    7. Wilson, Christopher J. & Bowden, Stephen C. & Byrne, Linda K. & Joshua, Nicole R. & Marx, Wolfgang & Weiss, Lawrence G., 2023. "The cross-cultural generalizability of cognitive ability measures: A systematic literature review," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    8. Daniele Angelini, 2023. "Aging Population and Technology Adoption," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2023-01, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
    9. Janina Isabel Steinert & Lucie Dale Cluver & G. J. Melendez-Torres & Sebastian Vollmer, 2018. "One Size Fits All? The Validity of a Composite Poverty Index Across Urban and Rural Households in South Africa," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 136(1), pages 51-72, February.
    10. Paul MUKUCHA & Divaries Cosmas JARAVAZA & Forbes MAKUDZA, 2022. "Towards Gender-Based Market Segmentation: The Differential Influence of Gender on Dining Experiences in the University Cafeteria Industry," Management and Economics Review, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 7(2), pages 182-200, June.
    11. Ankica Kosic & Tamara Džamonja Ignjatović & Nebojša Petrović, 2021. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Distress during COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Protective and Risk Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-15, July.
    12. Amber Mosewich & Valerie Hadd & Peter Crocker & Bruno Zumbo, 2013. "Invariance Testing of the SF-36 Health Survey in Women Breast Cancer Survivors: Do Personal and Cancer-related Variables Influence the Meaning of Quality of Life Items?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 110(2), pages 559-577, January.
    13. Allyson S. Graf & Meagan A. Ramsey & Julie Hicks Patrick & Amy L. Gentzler, 2016. "Dark Storm Clouds and Rays of Sunshine: Profiles of Negative and Positive Rumination About Daily Hassles and Uplifts," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 17(6), pages 2257-2276, December.
    14. Hofmans, J. & Pepermans, R. & Loix, E., 2009. "Measurement invariance matters: A case made for the ORTOFIN," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 667-674, August.
    15. Dybro Liengaard, Benjamin, 2024. "Measurement invariance testing in partial least squares structural equation modeling," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    16. Stéfanie André, 2014. "Does Trust Mean the Same for Migrants and Natives? Testing Measurement Models of Political Trust with Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 115(3), pages 963-982, February.
    17. Pei-Chen Wu, 2010. "Differential Functioning of the Chinese Version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in Adolescent Gender Groups: Use of a Multiple-Group Mean and Covariance Structure Model," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 96(3), pages 535-550, May.
    18. Kroh, Julia & Globocnik, Dietfried & Schultz, Carsten & Holdhof, Frederike & Salomo, Søren, 2024. "Micro-foundations of digital innovation capability – A mixed method approach to develop and validate a multi-dimensional measurement instrument," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    19. Roberta De Vito & Ruggero Bellio & Lorenzo Trippa & Giovanni Parmigiani, 2019. "Multi‐study factor analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 75(1), pages 337-346, March.
    20. Francisco J. Conejo & Lawrence F. Cunningham & Clifford E. Young, 2020. "Revisiting the Brand Luxury Index: new empirical evidence and future directions," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 27(1), pages 108-122, January.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intell:v:80:y:2020:i:c:s0160289620300337. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/intelligence .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.