IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/insuma/v84y2019icp1-21.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Delta-hedging longevity risk under the M7–M5 model: The impact of cohort effect uncertainty and population basis risk

Author

Listed:
  • Zhou, Kenneth Q.
  • Li, Johnny Siu-Hang

Abstract

In a recent project commissioned by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries and the Life and Longevity Markets Association, a two-population mortality model called the M7–M5 model is developed and recommended as an industry standard for the assessment of population basis risk. In this paper, we contribute a delta hedging strategy for use with the M7–M5 model, taking into account of not only period effect uncertainty but also cohort effect uncertainty and population basis risk. To enhance practicality, the hedging strategy is formulated in both static and dynamic settings, and its effectiveness can be evaluated in terms of either variance or 1-year ahead Value-at-Risk (the latter is highly relevant to solvency capital requirements). Three real data illustrations are constructed to demonstrate (1) the impact of population basis risk and cohort effect uncertainty on hedge effectiveness, (2) the benefit of dynamically adjusting a delta longevity hedge, and (3) the relationship between risk premium and hedge effectiveness.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhou, Kenneth Q. & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang, 2019. "Delta-hedging longevity risk under the M7–M5 model: The impact of cohort effect uncertainty and population basis risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 1-21.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:insuma:v:84:y:2019:i:c:p:1-21
    DOI: 10.1016/j.insmatheco.2018.10.003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167668717305632
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2018.10.003?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ngai, Andrew & Sherris, Michael, 2011. "Longevity risk management for life and variable annuities: The effectiveness of static hedging using longevity bonds and derivatives," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 100-114, July.
    2. Andrew Cairns & David Blake & Kevin Dowd & Guy Coughlan & David Epstein & Alen Ong & Igor Balevich, 2009. "A Quantitative Comparison of Stochastic Mortality Models Using Data From England and Wales and the United States," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 1-35.
    3. Villegas, Andrés M. & Haberman, Steven & Kaishev, Vladimir K. & Millossovich, Pietro, 2017. "A Comparative Study Of Two-Population Models For The Assessment Of Basis Risk In Longevity Hedges," ASTIN Bulletin, Cambridge University Press, vol. 47(3), pages 631-679, September.
    4. Tsai, Cary Chi-Liang & Chung, San-Lin, 2013. "Actuarial applications of the linear hazard transform in mortality immunization," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 48-63.
    5. Dahl, Mikkel & Moller, Thomas, 2006. "Valuation and hedging of life insurance liabilities with systematic mortality risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 193-217, October.
    6. Liu, Yanxin & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang, 2016. "It’s all in the hidden states: A longevity hedging strategy with an explicit measure of population basis risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 301-319.
    7. Tzuling Lin & Cary Chi-Liang Tsai, 2014. "Applications of Mortality Durations and Convexities in Natural Hedges," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 417-442, July.
    8. Andrew J. G. Cairns & David Blake & Kevin Dowd, 2006. "A Two‐Factor Model for Stochastic Mortality with Parameter Uncertainty: Theory and Calibration," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 73(4), pages 687-718, December.
    9. Blake, D. & Cairns, A. J. G. & Dowd, K., 2006. "Living with Mortality: Longevity Bonds and Other Mortality-Linked Securities," British Actuarial Journal, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 153-197, March.
    10. Luciano, Elisa & Regis, Luca, 2014. "Efficient versus inefficient hedging strategies in the presence of financial and longevity (value at) risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 68-77.
    11. Andrew J.G. Cairns & Kevin Dowd & David Blake & Guy D. Coughlan, 2014. "Longevity hedge effectiveness: a decomposition," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 217-235, February.
    12. Cairns, Andrew J.G., 2011. "Modelling and management of longevity risk: Approximations to survivor functions and dynamic hedging," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(3), pages 438-453.
    13. Wong, Tat Wing & Chiu, Mei Choi & Wong, Hoi Ying, 2014. "Time-consistent mean–variance hedging of longevity risk: Effect of cointegration," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 56-67.
    14. Li, Johnny Siu-Hang & Luo, Ancheng, 2012. "Key Q-Duration: A Framework for Hedging Longevity Risk," ASTIN Bulletin, Cambridge University Press, vol. 42(2), pages 413-452, November.
    15. Luciano, Elisa & Regis, Luca & Vigna, Elena, 2012. "Delta–Gamma hedging of mortality and interest rate risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 402-412.
    16. Lin, Tzuling & Tsai, Cary Chi-Liang, 2013. "On the mortality/longevity risk hedging with mortality immunization," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 580-596.
    17. Guy Coughlan & Marwa Khalaf-Allah & Yijing Ye & Sumit Kumar & Andrew Cairns & David Blake & Kevin Dowd, 2011. "Longevity Hedging 101," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(2), pages 150-176.
    18. Tsai, Jeffrey T. & Wang, Jennifer L. & Tzeng, Larry Y., 2010. "On the optimal product mix in life insurance companies using conditional value at risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 235-241, February.
    19. Johnny Li & Mary Hardy, 2011. "Measuring Basis Risk in Longevity Hedges," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(2), pages 177-200.
    20. Tsai, Cary Chi-Liang & Jiang, Lingzhi, 2011. "Actuarial applications of the linear hazard transform in life contingencies," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 70-80, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Blake, David & Cairns, Andrew J.G., 2021. "Longevity risk and capital markets: The 2019-20 update," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 395-439.
    2. Börger, Matthias & Freimann, Arne & Ruß, Jochen, 2021. "A combined analysis of hedge effectiveness and capital efficiency in longevity hedging," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 309-326.
    3. Tan, Ken Seng & Weng, Chengguo & Zhang, Jinggong, 2022. "Optimal dynamic longevity hedge with basis risk," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 325-337.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Blake, David & Cairns, Andrew J.G., 2021. "Longevity risk and capital markets: The 2019-20 update," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 395-439.
    2. Liu, Yanxin & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang, 2018. "A strategy for hedging risks associated with period and cohort effects using q-forwards," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 267-285.
    3. Blake, David & El Karoui, Nicole & Loisel, Stéphane & MacMinn, Richard, 2018. "Longevity risk and capital markets: The 2015–16 update," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 157-173.
    4. Liu, Yanxin & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang, 2016. "It’s all in the hidden states: A longevity hedging strategy with an explicit measure of population basis risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 301-319.
    5. Tan, Ken Seng & Weng, Chengguo & Zhang, Jinggong, 2022. "Optimal dynamic longevity hedge with basis risk," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 325-337.
    6. Kallestrup-Lamb, Malene & Søgaard Laursen, Nicolai, 2024. "Longevity hedge effectiveness using socioeconomic indices," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 242-251.
    7. Man Chung Fung & Katja Ignatieva & Michael Sherris, 2019. "Managing Systematic Mortality Risk in Life Annuities: An Application of Longevity Derivatives," Risks, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-25, January.
    8. Leung, Melvern & Fung, Man Chung & O’Hare, Colin, 2018. "A comparative study of pricing approaches for longevity instruments," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 95-116.
    9. Tan, Chong It & Li, Jackie & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang & Balasooriya, Uditha, 2014. "Parametric mortality indexes: From index construction to hedging strategies," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 285-299.
    10. Börger, Matthias & Freimann, Arne & Ruß, Jochen, 2021. "A combined analysis of hedge effectiveness and capital efficiency in longevity hedging," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 309-326.
    11. Lin, Tzuling & Tsai, Cary Chi-Liang, 2013. "On the mortality/longevity risk hedging with mortality immunization," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 580-596.
    12. Lin, Tzuling & Wang, Chou-Wen & Tsai, Cary Chi-Liang, 2015. "Age-specific copula-AR-GARCH mortality models," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 110-124.
    13. Selin Özen & Şule Şahin, 2021. "A Two-Population Mortality Model to Assess Longevity Basis Risk," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-19, February.
    14. David Blake & Marco Morales & Enrico Biffis & Yijia Lin & Andreas Milidonis, 2017. "Special Edition: Longevity 10 – The Tenth International Longevity Risk and Capital Markets Solutions Conference," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 84(S1), pages 515-532, April.
    15. Man Chung Fung & Katja Ignatieva & Michael Sherris, 2015. "Managing Systematic Mortality Risk in Life Annuities: An Application of Longevity Derivatives," Papers 1508.00090, arXiv.org.
    16. M. Martin Boyer & Lars Stentoft, 2017. "Yes We Can (Price Derivatives on Survivor Indices)," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 20(1), pages 37-62, March.
    17. Clemente De Rosa & Elisa Luciano & Luca Regis, 2017. "Basis risk in static versus dynamic longevity-risk hedging," Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2017(4), pages 343-365, April.
    18. Selin Ozen & c{S}ule c{S}ahin, 2021. "A Two-Population Mortality Model to Assess Longevity Basis Risk," Papers 2101.06690, arXiv.org.
    19. Li, Johnny Siu-Hang & Liu, Yanxin & Chan, Wai-Sum, 2023. "Hedging longevity risk under non-Gaussian state-space stochastic mortality models: A mean-variance-skewness-kurtosis approach," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 96-121.
    20. Li, Jackie & Haberman, Steven, 2015. "On the effectiveness of natural hedging for insurance companies and pension plans," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 286-297.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:insuma:v:84:y:2019:i:c:p:1-21. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/505554 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.