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The impact of post-9/11 visa policies on travel to the United States

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  • Neiman, Brent
  • Swagel, Phillip

Abstract

American and foreign businesses, politicians, and media have all pointed to post-9/11 changes in visa policies as being responsible for the sharp decline in travel to the United States following the attacks. Using an empirical model which distinguishes the impact of visa policy from economic and country-specific factors, we find that changes in visa policy were not important contributors to the decrease in travel to the United States. Rather, the reduction in entries was largest among travelers who were not required to obtain a visa.

Suggested Citation

  • Neiman, Brent & Swagel, Phillip, 2009. "The impact of post-9/11 visa policies on travel to the United States," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(1), pages 86-99, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:inecon:v:78:y:2009:i:1:p:86-99
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    Cited by:

    1. Lizhi Xu & Shouyang Wang & Jingjing Li & Ling Tang & Yanmin Shao, 2019. "Modelling international tourism flows to China: A panel data analysis with the gravity model," Tourism Economics, , vol. 25(7), pages 1047-1069, November.
    2. Anca D. Cristea & Russell Hillberry & Aaditya Mattoo, 2015. "Open Skies over the Middle East," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(11), pages 1650-1681, November.
    3. Nitsch, Volker, 2014. "Grounded! The Impact of Disrupted Transport Networks on International Trade," Conference papers 332470, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    4. Farai Jena & Barry Reilly, 2013. "The determinants of United Kingdom student visa demand from developing countries," IZA Journal of Labor & Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 2(1), pages 1-22, December.
    5. Ding, Ding & Timmer, Yannick, 2023. "Exchange rate elasticities of international tourism and the role of dominant currency pricing," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    6. Volker Nitsch, 2019. "Passport, please! Travels, travails and trade," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(15), pages 1274-1278, September.
    7. Robert A. Lawson & Saurav Roychoudhury, 2016. "Do travel visa requirements impede tourist travel?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 40(4), pages 817-828, October.
    8. MORIKAWA Masayuki, 2018. "Effects of Distance and Borders on International and Interregional Tourist Flows: A micro-gravity analysis," Discussion papers 18021, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    9. Song, Haiyan & Gartner, William C. & Tasci, Asli D.A., 2012. "Visa restrictions and their adverse economic and marketing implications – Evidence from China," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 397-412.
    10. Robert Lawson & Jayme Lemke, 2012. "Travel visas," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 153(1), pages 17-36, October.
    11. Tadao Hoshino, 2020. "A Pairwise Strategic Network Formation Model with Group Heterogeneity: With an Application to International Travel," Papers 2012.14886, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2021.
    12. Bahare Fallahi & Shahnaz Rahpaymaelizehee, 2015. "Evaluation of the Immigration Reform and National Security after 9/11 in United State," Journal of Public Policy & Governance, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 2(2), pages 48-55.
    13. Tekleselassie, Tsegay Gebrekidan, 2016. "Three essays on the impact of institutions and policies on socio-economic outcomes," Economics PhD Theses 1316, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
    14. Barry Reilly & Tsegay Gebrekidan Tekleselassie, 2018. "The role of United States Visa Waiver Program on cross-border travel," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 61-65, January.
    15. Ayumu Tanaka, 2013. "Geographic Concentration of Foreign Visitors to Japan," Discussion papers e-12-013, Graduate School of Economics Project Center, Kyoto University.
    16. B. Lindsay Lowell, 2014. "Managing immigration: A review of some past projections," Migration Letters, Migration Letters, vol. 11(1), pages 33-42, January.
    17. Alan King, 2010. "The Effect Of 9/11 On Us Exports And Imports Of Tourism," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(5-6), pages 535-546.
    18. Pala, Ali & Zhuang, Jun, 2018. "Security screening queues with impatient applicants: A new model with a case study," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 265(3), pages 919-930.
    19. Ayumu Tanaka, 2023. "Geographic concentration of foreign visitors: evidence from Japan," International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 211-222, February.
    20. Jiafeng Gu, 2024. "Does the Visa-Free Policy Promote Inbound Tourism? Evidence From China," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(2), pages 21582440241, June.

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    20. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/10143 is not listed on IDEAS
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Visa policy Differences-in-differences National security International business;

    JEL classification:

    • F52 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - National Security; Economic Nationalism
    • F2 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business

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