IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/hepoli/v137y2023ics016885102300180x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Prevalence, predictors and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Results of a global online survey

Author

Listed:
  • Candio, Paolo
  • Violato, Mara
  • Clarke, Philip M
  • Duch, Raymond
  • Roope, Laurence SJ

Abstract

Vaccine hesitancy has the potential to cripple efforts to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy makers need to be informed about the scale, nature and drivers of this problem, both domestically and globally, so that effective interventions can be designed. To this end, we conducted a statistical analysis of data from the CANDOUR survey (n = 15,536), which was carried out in 13 countries representing approximately half of the global population. Both pooled and country-level ordered regression models were estimated to identify predictors of vaccine hesitancy and reasons for not getting vaccinated. We found high levels of hesitancy, particularly in high-income countries. Factors driving moderate hesitancy differed from those driving extreme hesitancy. A lack of trust in health care providers was consistently the underlying driver of more extreme hesitancy. Predictors of moderate hesitancy varied across countries, though being younger and female was typically associated with greater hesitancy. While political ideology played a role in vaccine hesitancy in some countries, this effect was often moderated by income level, particularly in the US. Overall, the results suggest that different interventions such as mass-media campaigns and monetary incentives may be needed to target the moderately versus extremely hesitant. The lack of trust in health care professionals that drives extreme hesitancy may reflect deep societal mistrust in science and institutions and be challenging to overcome.

Suggested Citation

  • Candio, Paolo & Violato, Mara & Clarke, Philip M & Duch, Raymond & Roope, Laurence SJ, 2023. "Prevalence, predictors and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Results of a global online survey," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:hepoli:v:137:y:2023:i:c:s016885102300180x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104895
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016885102300180X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104895?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Clarke, Philip & Loewen, Peter & Bonnefon, Jean-François & Melegaro, Alessia & Friedman, Jorge & Violato, Mara & Barnett, Adrian & Duch, Raymond & Roope, Laurence, 2021. "Public opinion on global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines," TSE Working Papers 21-1214, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
    2. Andrew Lewis & Raymond Duch, 2021. "Gender differences in perceived risk of COVID‐19," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 102(5), pages 2124-2133, September.
    3. Christie Aschwanden, 2021. "Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible," Nature, Nature, vol. 591(7851), pages 520-522, March.
    4. Christie Aschwanden, 2020. "The false promise of herd immunity for COVID-19," Nature, Nature, vol. 587(7832), pages 26-28, November.
    5. Solís Arce, Julio S. & Warren, Shana S. & Meriggi, Niccolò F. & Scacco, Alexandra & McMurry, Nina & Voors, Maarten & Syunyaev, Georgiy & Malik, Amyn Abdul & Aboutajdine, Samya & Adeojo, Opeyemi & Anig, 2021. "COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 27, pages 1-1.
    6. Rowland J. O. Ekeocha, 2021. "The Statistics of the Bible," International Journal of Sciences, Office ijSciences, vol. 10(04), pages 17-21, April.
    7. Bercedis Peterson & Frank E. Harrell, 1990. "Partial Proportional Odds Models for Ordinal Response Variables," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 39(2), pages 205-217, June.
    8. Richard Williams, 2006. "Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 6(1), pages 58-82, March.
    9. Raymond Duch & Laurence S. J. Roope & Mara Violato & Matias Fuentes Becerra & Thomas S. Robinson & Jean-Francois Bonnefon & Jorge Friedman & Peter John Loewen & Pavan Mamidi & Alessia Melegaro & Maria, 2021. "Citizens from 13 countries share similar preferences for COVID-19 vaccine allocation priorities," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(38), pages 2026382118-, September.
    10. Shalabh, 2021. "Statistical inference via data science," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 184(3), pages 1155-1155, July.
    11. Fu Gu & Yingwen Wu & Xinyu Hu & Jianfeng Guo & Xiaohan Yang & Xinze Zhao, 2021. "The Role of Conspiracy Theories in the Spread of COVID-19 across the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-14, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hanna Dudek & Joanna Landmesser, 2012. "Income satisfaction and relative deprivation," Statistics in Transition new series, Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Polska), vol. 13(2), pages 321-334, June.
    2. Costanza Nosi & Antonella D’Agostino & Margherita Pagliuca & Carlo Alberto Pratesi, 2017. "Securing Retirement at a Young Age. Exploring the Intention to Buy Longevity Annuities through an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-20, June.
    3. Angelo Rampinelli & Juan Felipe Calderón & Carola A. Blazquez & Karen Sauer-Brand & Nicolás Hamann & José Ignacio Nazif-Munoz, 2022. "Investigating the Risk Factors Associated with Injury Severity in Pedestrian Crashes in Santiago, Chile," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-21, September.
    4. Guan, Lijun & Zhang, Yan & Jin, Shaosheng & Zhou, Lin, 2021. "Understanding the low use rate of food nutrition information in China," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, vol. 24(5), April.
    5. Nguyen, Cuong Viet & Tran, Tuyen Quang & Van Vu, Huong, 2024. "The long-term effects of war on foreign direct investment and economic development: evidence from Vietnam," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    6. Tommaso Agasisti & Sergio Longobardi & Vincenzo Prete & Felice Russo, 2018. "Multidimensional poverty measures for analysing educational poverty in European countries," Working papers 73, Società Italiana di Economia Pubblica.
    7. Sabrina Maggio & Sandra Iaco & Claudia Cappello, 2024. "Multilevel modeling for investigating the probability of digital innovation in museums," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 342(3), pages 1737-1764, November.
    8. Bertsch, Valentin & Hyland, Marie & Mahony, Michael, 2017. "What drives people's opinions of electricity infrastructure? Empirical evidence from Ireland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 472-497.
    9. Andrew S. Fullerton & Jun Xu, 2018. "Constrained and Unconstrained Partial Adjacent Category Logit Models for Ordinal Response Variables," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 47(2), pages 169-206, March.
    10. Isphording, Ingo E. & Otten, Sebastian, 2014. "Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 30-50.
    11. Frondel, Manuel & Simora, Michael & Sommer, Stephan, 2017. "Risk Perception of Climate Change: Empirical Evidence for Germany," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 173-183.
    12. Andor, Mark A. & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Sommer, Stephan, 2018. "Climate Change, Population Ageing and Public Spending: Evidence on Individual Preferences," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 173-183.
    13. Sacker, Amanda & Lacey, Rebecca E. & Maughan, Barbara & Murray, Emily T., 2022. "Out-of-home care in childhood and socio-economic functioning in adulthood: ONS Longitudinal study 1971–2011," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    14. D'Alberto, R. & Targetti, S. & Schaller, L. & Bartolini, F. & Eichhorn, T. & Haltia, E. & Harmanny, K. & Le Gloux, F. & Nikolov, D. & Runge, T. & Vergamini, D. & Viaggi, D., 2024. "A European perspective on acceptability of innovative agri-environment-climate contract solutions," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    15. Ó Ceallaigh, Diarmaid & Timmons, Shane & Robertson, Deirdre & Lunn, Pete, 2024. "Childhood gambling experiences and adult problem gambling," Papers WP780, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    16. Meng, Tianguang & Su, Zheng, 2021. "When top-down meets bottom-up: Local officials and selective responsiveness within fiscal policymaking in China," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    17. Hyland, Marie & Bertsch, Valentin, 2018. "The Role of Community Involvement Mechanisms in Reducing Resistance to Energy Infrastructure Development," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 447-474.
    18. Middela, Mounisai Siddartha & Ramadurai, Gitakrishnan, 2024. "Modelling urban freight generation using linear regression and proportional odds logit models," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 145-153.
    19. Juan Gabriel Brida & Chiara Dalle Nogare & Raffaele Scuderi, 2017. "Learning at the museum," Tourism Economics, , vol. 23(2), pages 281-294, March.
    20. Cal J Halvorsen & Yu-Chih Chen, 2019. "The diversity of interest in later-life entrepreneurship: Results from a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 50 to 70," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:hepoli:v:137:y:2023:i:c:s016885102300180x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu or the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/healthpol .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.