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Understanding the risk of leveraged ETFs

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  • Jarrow, Robert A.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the risks of leveraged ETFs. We do this by showing how to construct a k-times leveraged ETF as a dynamic portfolio in the ETF and a money market account. This construction characterizes the return distribution of the leveraged ETF over any investment horizon. As a corollary, we show that a k-times leveraged ETF will not earn k times the return of the ETF. It differs due to a term involving the ETF's volatility and the interest paid on the borrowing over the investment horizon.

Suggested Citation

  • Jarrow, Robert A., 2010. "Understanding the risk of leveraged ETFs," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 135-139, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finlet:v:7:y:2010:i:3:p:135-139
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Kharma, Céline & Eugster, Nicolas, 2021. "Is competition beneficial? The case of exchange traded funds," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    2. Tugkan Tuzun, 2013. "Are leveraged and inverse ETFs the new portfolio insurers?," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2013-48, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    3. Min Dai & Steven Kou & H. Mete Soner & Chen Yang, 2023. "Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds with Market Closure and Frictions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(4), pages 2517-2535, April.
    4. Qing Bai & Shaun A. Bond & Brian Hatch, 2015. "The Impact of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs on Underlying Real Estate Returns," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 43(1), pages 37-66, March.
    5. Maya Malinda & Jo-Hui Chen, 2022. "The forecasting of consumer exchange-traded funds (ETFs) via grey relational analysis (GRA) and artificial neural network (ANN)," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 779-823, February.
    6. Collin Gilstrap & Alex Petkevich & Pavel Teterin & Kainan Wang, 2024. "Lever up! An analysis of options trading in leveraged ETFs," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(6), pages 986-1002, June.
    7. Charupat, Narat & Miu, Peter, 2011. "The pricing and performance of leveraged exchange-traded funds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 966-977, April.
    8. Li, Mingsheng & Zhao, Xin, 2014. "Impact of leveraged ETF trading on the market quality of component stocks," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 90-108.
    9. John, Alexander & DeVault, Luke, 2023. "Implicit leverage: Can accrued fees cause levered ETN returns?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).
    10. Andrea Frazzini & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 2022. "Embedded Leverage [Asset pricing with liquidity risk]," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 12(1), pages 1-52.
    11. Ivanov, Ivan T. & Lenkey, Stephen L., 2018. "Do leveraged ETFs really amplify late-day returns and volatility?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 36-56.
    12. Tim Leung & Qingshuo Song & Jie Yang, 2013. "Outperformance portfolio optimization via the equivalence of pure and randomized hypothesis testing," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 839-870, October.
    13. Brøgger, Søren Bundgaard, 2021. "The market impact of predictable flows: Evidence from leveraged VIX products," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    14. Tim Leung & Hyungbin Park & Heejun Yeo, 2023. "Robust Long-Term Growth Rate of Expected Utility for Leveraged ETFs," Papers 2310.02084, arXiv.org.
    15. Lee, Kyuseok & Kim, Soo-Hyun, 2018. "Do Leveraged/Inverse Etfs Wag The Underlying Market? : Evidence From The Korean Stock Market," Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, vol. 59(2), pages 83-94, December.
    16. Jason Scott & John Watson, 2013. "The Floor-Leverage Rule for Retirement," Discussion Papers 13-013, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
    17. Narat Charupat & Peter Miu, 2013. "The Pricing Efficiency Of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds: Evidence From The U.S. Markets," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 36(2), pages 253-278, June.
    18. Miu, Peter & Yueh, Meng-Lan & Han, Jing, 2021. "Performance of Japanese leveraged ETFs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    19. Bell, Peter N, 2010. "Beta estimates for leveraged ETF," MPRA Paper 26950, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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