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Low return temperature from domestic hot-water system based on instantaneous heat exchanger with chemical-based disinfection solution

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  • Benakopoulos, Theofanis
  • Tunzi, Michele
  • Salenbien, Robbe
  • Vanhoudt, Dirk
  • Svendsen, Svend

Abstract

Thermal treatment for sterilising domestic hot-water systems requires a circulation temperature higher than 50 °C, which is not suitable for low-temperature district heating systems. Chemical treatment is a temperature-independent sterilisation method for hot-water systems. This study demonstrates that the heat exchanger-based domestic hot-water system of a multi-family building can operate without the risk of Legionella through the use of a chemical sterilisation method. This solution enables the reduction of the circulation temperature to 45 °C to satisfy the comfort requirements. Three temperature operation strategies were tested in the circulation loop. According to the results, the Legionella concentration was minimised. The operation of several thermostatic control valves in the risers was found to be problematic as this resulted in high return temperatures to the heat exchanger. The use of the chemical sterilisation method allows the reduction of the supply temperature below 50 °C and the exclusion of most of the vertical pipelines from the circulation loop . This results in a low return temperature of 40 °C and a reduction in the circulation heat loss up to 66%.

Suggested Citation

  • Benakopoulos, Theofanis & Tunzi, Michele & Salenbien, Robbe & Vanhoudt, Dirk & Svendsen, Svend, 2021. "Low return temperature from domestic hot-water system based on instantaneous heat exchanger with chemical-based disinfection solution," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:215:y:2021:i:pb:s0360544220323185
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119211
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Theofanis Benakopoulos & Robbe Salenbien & Dirk Vanhoudt & Svend Svendsen, 2019. "Improved Control of Radiator Heating Systems with Thermostatic Radiator Valves without Pre-Setting Function," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-24, August.
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    3. Best, Isabelle & Braas, Hagen & Orozaliev, Janybek & Jordan, Ulrike & Vajen, Klaus, 2020. "Systematic investigation of building energy efficiency standard and hot water preparation systems’ influence on the heat load profile of districts," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    4. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V. & Werner, S. & Möller, B. & Persson, U. & Boermans, T. & Trier, D. & Østergaard, P.A. & Nielsen, S., 2014. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 475-489.
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    2. Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup & Smith, Kevin Michael & Tunzi, Michele & Svendsen, Svend, 2022. "Low-temperature operation of heating systems to enable 4th generation district heating: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    3. Łukasz Amanowicz, 2021. "Peak Power of Heat Source for Domestic Hot Water Preparation (DHW) for Residential Estate in Poland as a Representative Case Study for the Climate of Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-15, December.
    4. Jin, Xin & Zhang, Huihui & Huang, Gongsheng & Lai, Alvin CK., 2021. "Experimental investigation on the dynamic thermal performance of the parallel solar-assisted air-source heat pump latent heat thermal energy storage system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 637-657.
    5. Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup & Tunzi, Michele & Svendsen, Svend, 2021. "What does a well-functioning heating system look like? Investigation of ten Danish buildings that utilize district heating efficiently," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    6. Toffanin, Riccardo & Curti, Vinicio & Barbato, Maurizio C., 2021. "Impact of Legionella regulation on a 4th generation district heating substation energy use and cost: the case of a Swiss single-family household," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).

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