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Exergetic performance of CO2 and ultra-low GWP refrigerant mixtures as working fluids in ORC for waste heat recovery

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  • Braimakis, Konstantinos
  • Mikelis, Angelos
  • Charalampidis, Antonios
  • Karellas, Sotirios

Abstract

Environmental regulations target refrigerants with global warming potential (GWP) above 150. Meanwhile, zeotropic mixtures are proven to increase the exergetic efficiency of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). The present study investigates the exergetic performance of binary mixtures of R32 and 8 ultra-low GWP fluids (n-pentane, NOVEC649, R1233zd, isobutane, R1234ze, R1234yf, propylene, and CO2) in standard and recuperative ORCs. The ORCs are optimized with respect to the molar concentrations of their components and evaporation pressure. The relative exergetic efficiency improvement of zeotropic (ZORCs) compared to pure fluid ORCs (PORCs) is negatively correlated with the heat source temperature and ranges from a maximum of 36.39% (at 100 °C) to less than 5% at temperatures above 200 °C. For each mixture, ZORCs are favorable over PORCs of their components for heat source temperatures primarily below and secondarily between the critical temperatures of their components, while the average relative performance improvement is about 30–50%. At increasing heat source temperatures, ZORCs operating with isobutane, NOVEC649, R1233zd and n-pentane are successively optimal. Although recuperative ZORCs are superior to standard ZORCs for dry mixtures of components with a large critical temperature difference at higher temperatures, standard cycles are ultimately superior considering the global optimization results.

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  • Braimakis, Konstantinos & Mikelis, Angelos & Charalampidis, Antonios & Karellas, Sotirios, 2020. "Exergetic performance of CO2 and ultra-low GWP refrigerant mixtures as working fluids in ORC for waste heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:203:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220309087
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117801
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    2. Zhang, Yifan & Ren, Xiao & Duan, Xinyue & Gong, Liang & Hung, Tzu-Chen, 2024. "Strategy for the zeotropic organic rankine cycle operation to match the heat sink variation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    3. Braimakis, Konstantinos & Karellas, Sotirios, 2023. "Exergy efficiency potential of dual-phase expansion trilateral and partial evaporation ORC with zeotropic mixtures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
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    5. Braimakis, Konstantinos & Grispos, Victoras & Karellas, Sotirios, 2021. "Exergetic efficiency potential of double-stage ORCs with zeotropic mixtures of natural hydrocarbons and CO2," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    6. Feili, Milad & Rostamzadeh, Hadi & Ghaebi, Hadi, 2022. "Thermo-mechanical energy level approach integrated with exergoeconomic optimization for realistic cost evaluation of a novel micro-CCHP system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 630-657.
    7. Lu, Pei & Chen, Kaihuang & Luo, Xianglong & Wu, Wei & Liang, Yingzong & Chen, Jianyong & Chen, Ying, 2024. "Experimental and simulation study on a zeotropic ORC system using R1234ze(E)/R245fa as working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    8. Huixing, Zhai & Lin, Shi & Qingsong, An & Suilin, Wang & Baolin, An, 2021. "Key parameter influence mechanism and optimal working fluid screening correlation for trans-critical organic Rankine cycle with open type heat sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    9. Pallis, Platon & Varvagiannis, Efstratios & Braimakis, Konstantinos & Roumpedakis, Tryfonas & Leontaritis, Aris - Dimitrios & Karellas, Sotirios, 2021. "Development, experimental testing and techno-economic assessment of a fully automated marine organic rankine cycle prototype for jacket cooling water heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    10. Zhang, Tao & Ma, Junhua & Zhou, Yanglin & Wang, Yongzhen & Chen, Qifang & Li, Xiaoping & Liu, Liuchen, 2021. "Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of ICE-ORC systems based on a splitter regulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    11. Xu, Weicong & Zhao, Ruikai & Deng, Shuai & Zhao, Li & Mao, Samuel S., 2021. "Is zeotropic working fluid a promising option for organic Rankine cycle: A quantitative evaluation based on literature data," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
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