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Optimum wind- and photovoltaic-based stand-alone systems on the basis of life cycle energy analysis

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  • Kaldellis, J.K.
  • Zafirakis, D.
  • Stavropoulou, V.
  • Kaldelli, El.

Abstract

The main aim of the specific research is the comparison of the energy pay-back period of optimum renewable energy sources (RES)-based configurations, meaning wind-battery and photovoltaic-battery stand-alone installations that may ensure the energy autonomy of a typical remote consumer under the condition of minimum life cycle (LC) energy content. In this context, energy autonomy is first ensured on the basis of an appropriate sizing methodology, while accordingly, by developing a calculation algorithm for the estimation of the LC energy content of such energy autonomous systems, minimum LC embodied energy configurations are eventually obtained. On top of that, three representative areas are examined so as to investigate the influence of the local wind and solar potential. According to the results, the sustainable character of both RES-based solutions is designated, especially when comparison with the conventional diesel-engine solution is carried out. On the other hand, the situation is inversed when comparing stand-alone and grid-connected RES systems of the same size, with significant contribution of the battery storage component being reflected.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaldellis, J.K. & Zafirakis, D. & Stavropoulou, V. & Kaldelli, El., 2012. "Optimum wind- and photovoltaic-based stand-alone systems on the basis of life cycle energy analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 345-357.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:50:y:2012:i:c:p:345-357
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.029
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    2. Mason, I.G. & Miller, A.J.V., 2016. "Energetic and economic optimisation of islanded household-scale photovoltaic-plus-battery systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 559-573.
    3. Silveira, Jose Luz & Tuna, Celso Eduardo & Lamas, Wendell de Queiroz, 2013. "The need of subsidy for the implementation of photovoltaic solar energy as supporting of decentralized electrical power generation in Brazil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 133-141.
    4. Nugent, Daniel & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2014. "Assessing the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar PV and wind energy: A critical meta-survey," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 229-244.
    5. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin, 2014. "A feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid solar–wind–battery system for a remote island," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 149-158.
    6. Hong, Taehoon & Koo, Choongwan & Kwak, Taehyun & Park, Hyo Seon, 2014. "An economic and environmental assessment for selecting the optimum new renewable energy system for educational facility," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 286-300.
    7. Tsantopoulos, Georgios & Arabatzis, Garyfallos & Tampakis, Stilianos, 2014. "Public attitudes towards photovoltaic developments: Case study from Greece," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 94-106.
    8. Kaldellis, J.K. & Apostolou, D., 2017. "Life cycle energy and carbon footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 72-84.

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