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Carbon emission offsets for aviation-generated emissions due to international travel to and from New Zealand

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  • Smith, Inga J.
  • Rodger, Craig J.

Abstract

International air transport emissions are not subject to liability under the Kyoto Protocol. However, pressure is mounting globally for international aviation to be included in post-Kyoto arrangements. In the absence of international collective action, a number of so-called carbon offsetting schemes have emerged that allow individual travellers and companies to compensate for their international air travel emissions. These schemes offer technological solutions, such as planting sink forests to sequester emissions. To consider the implications of future collective action, this paper presents a case study assessment of the physical feasibility of five schemes for all short duration journeys to and from New Zealand. This is the first comprehensive national-level case study assessment of competing offsetting options for international aviation emissions in the peer-reviewed literature. The CO2-e emissions produced by the air travel of international visitors to New Zealand, and for New Zealand residents travelling overseas, is calculated in this paper to be 7893 and 3948Â Gg, respectively, in 2005. It is then shown that no single offsetting scheme targeted inside the country appears physically and/or politically realistic. This indicates the sheer size of these emissions, and the challenge that the international community faces for collective action on this matter.

Suggested Citation

  • Smith, Inga J. & Rodger, Craig J., 2009. "Carbon emission offsets for aviation-generated emissions due to international travel to and from New Zealand," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(9), pages 3438-3447, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:37:y:2009:i:9:p:3438-3447
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    2. Finnegan, Stephen & Sharples, Steve & Johnston, Tom & Fulton, Matt, 2018. "The carbon impact of a UK safari park – Application of the GHG protocol using measured energy data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 256-264.
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    4. Markus J. Milne & Suzana Grubnic, 2011. "Climate change accounting research: keeping it interesting and different," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 24(8), pages 948-977, October.
    5. Liu, Jin & Tian, Jiayu & Lyu, Wenjing & Yu, Yitian, 2022. "The impact of COVID-19 on reducing carbon emissions: From the angle of international student mobility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    6. Fitzgerald, Warren B. & Howitt, Oliver J.A. & Smith, Inga J., 2011. "Greenhouse gas emissions from the international maritime transport of New Zealand's imports and exports," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1521-1531, March.
    7. Howitt, Oliver J.A. & Revol, Vincent G.N. & Smith, Inga J. & Rodger, Craig J., 2010. "Carbon emissions from international cruise ship passengers' travel to and from New Zealand," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 2552-2560, May.
    8. Markus Milne & Rob Gray, 2013. "W(h)ither Ecology? The Triple Bottom Line, the Global Reporting Initiative, and Corporate Sustainability Reporting," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 118(1), pages 13-29, November.
    9. Higham, James E.S. & Cohen, Scott A., 2011. "Canary in the coalmine: Norwegian attitudes towards climate change and extreme long-haul air travel to Aotearoa/New Zealand," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 98-105.
    10. Kobe Boussauw & Jean-Michel Decroly, 2021. "Territorializing International Travel Emissions: Geography and Magnitude of the Hidden Climate Footprint of Brussels," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 6(2), pages 285-298.
    11. Gössling, Stefan, 2013. "National emissions from tourism: An overlooked policy challenge?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 433-442.
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