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Greenhouse gas balances of transportation biofuels, electricity and heat generation in Finland--Dealing with the uncertainties

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  • Soimakallio, S.
  • Mäkinen, T.
  • Ekholm, T.
  • Pahkala, K.
  • Mikkola, H.
  • Paappanen, T.

Abstract

One way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector is to replace fossil fuels by biofuels. However, production of biofuels also generates greenhouse gas emissions. Energy and greenhouse gas balances of transportation biofuels suitable for large-scale production in Finland have been assessed in this paper. In addition, the use of raw materials in electricity and/or heat production has been considered. The overall auxiliary energy input per energy content of fuel in biofuel production was 3-5-fold compared to that of fossil fuels. The results indicated that greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of barley-based ethanol or biodiesel from turnip rape are very probably higher compared to fossil fuels. Second generation biofuels produced using forestry residues or reed canary grass as raw materials seem to be more favourable in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the use of raw materials in electricity and/or heat production is even more favourable. Significant uncertainties are involved in the results mainly due to the uncertainty of N2O emissions from fertilisation and emissions from the production of the electricity consumed or replaced.

Suggested Citation

  • Soimakallio, S. & Mäkinen, T. & Ekholm, T. & Pahkala, K. & Mikkola, H. & Paappanen, T., 2009. "Greenhouse gas balances of transportation biofuels, electricity and heat generation in Finland--Dealing with the uncertainties," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 80-90, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:80-90
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    9. Joelsson, Jonas M. & Gustavsson, Leif, 2012. "Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and oil use by DME (di-methyl ether) and FT (Fischer-Tropsch) diesel production in chemical pulp mills," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 363-374.
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    11. A. Hast & T. Ekholm & I. Savolainen, 2013. "Meeting emission targets under uncertainty—the case of Finnish non-emission-trading sector," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 18(5), pages 637-658, June.
    12. Sokka, L. & Sinkko, T. & Holma, A. & Manninen, K. & Pasanen, K. & Rantala, M. & Leskinen, P., 2016. "Environmental impacts of the national renewable energy targets – A case study from Finland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1599-1610.
    13. Koponen, Kati & Soimakallio, Sampo & Tsupari, Eemeli & Thun, Rabbe & Antikainen, Riina, 2013. "GHG emission performance of various liquid transportation biofuels in Finland in accordance with the EU sustainability criteria," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 440-448.
    14. Jäppinen, Eero & Korpinen, Olli-Jussi & Laitila, Juha & Ranta, Tapio, 2014. "Greenhouse gas emissions of forest bioenergy supply and utilization in Finland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 369-382.
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