IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ememar/v53y2022ics1566014122000577.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Strategic behavior of insiders in initial underpricing and long-run underperformance

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Baohua
  • Zhou, Yingluo
  • Zhou, Zhong-Guo

Abstract

We study strategic behavior of insiders in ChiNext IPOs. Since traditional initial underpricing is not appropriate due to the jawbone P/E ratio approach and maximum initial return cap we propose two alternative measures. We identify a significantly positive relationship between insiders' shareholdings and initial underpricing. With no discretion on IPO offer price, the insiders implement earnings management to maintain higher stock prices induced by regulatory changes and high market demand and to facilitate selling their unlocked shares after lockup expiration. We confirm a negative impact from insiders' share sales on long-term performance but don't observe a dramatic underperformance as documented.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Baohua & Zhou, Yingluo & Zhou, Zhong-Guo, 2022. "Strategic behavior of insiders in initial underpricing and long-run underperformance," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ememar:v:53:y:2022:i:c:s1566014122000577
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ememar.2022.100940
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566014122000577
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ememar.2022.100940?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Peng, Winnie Qian & Wei, K.C. John & Yang, Zhishu, 2011. "Tunneling or propping: Evidence from connected transactions in China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 306-325, April.
    2. Zhong-guo Zhou & Janet Zhou, 2010. "Chinese IPO activity, pricing, and market cycles," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 34(4), pages 483-503, May.
    3. Alexander Ljungqvist & William J. Wilhelm, 2003. "IPO Pricing in the Dot‐com Bubble," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 723-752, April.
    4. Loughran, Tim & Ritter, Jay R, 1995. "The New Issues Puzzle," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 23-51, March.
    5. Otchere, Isaac & Vong, Anna P.I., 2016. "Venture capitalist participation and the performance of Chinese IPOs," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 226-245.
    6. Haifeng Guo & Robert Brooks & Hung-Gay Fung, 2011. "Underpricing of Chinese Initial Public Offerings," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(5), pages 72-85, September.
    7. Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, August.
    8. Steib, Stefan & Mohan, Nancy, 1997. "The German reunification, changing capital market conditions, and the performance of German initial public offerings," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 115-137.
    9. Alessandro Cirillo & Donata Mussolino & Sara Saggese & Fabrizia Sarto, 2018. "Looking at the IPO from the “top floor”: a literature review," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 22(3), pages 661-688, September.
    10. Jaskiewicz, P. & González, V. M. & Menéndez, S. & Schiereck, D., 2005. "Long-run IPO Performance Analysis of German and Spanish Family-Owned Business," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 35079, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    11. Bao, Xiaolu & Johan, Sofia & Kutsuna, Kenji, 2016. "Do political connections matter in accessing capital markets? Evidence from China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 24-41.
    12. Katherine Spiess, D. & Pettway, Richard H., 1997. "The IPO and first seasoned equity sale: Issue proceeds, owner/managers' wealth, and the underpricing signal," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(7), pages 967-988, July.
    13. Susana Álvarez & Víctor M. González, 2005. "Signalling and the Long-run Performance of Spanish Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1-2), pages 325-350.
    14. Alon Brav & Paul A. Gompers, 2003. "The Role of Lockups in Initial Public Offerings," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 1-29.
    15. Ke, Bin & Wang, Lanfang, 2021. "Mixed ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the Chinese venture capital industry," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    16. Jing Chi & Carol Padgett, 2005. "The Performance And Long‐Run Characteristics Of The Chinese Ipo Market," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(4), pages 451-469, December.
    17. Habib, Michel A & Ljungqvist, Alexander P, 2001. "Underpricing and Entrepreneurial Wealth Losses in IPOs: Theory and Evidence," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 14(2), pages 433-458.
    18. Tian, Lihui, 2011. "Regulatory underpricing: Determinants of Chinese extreme IPO returns," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 78-90, January.
    19. Chen, Jun & Ke, Bin & Wu, Donghui & Yang, Zhifeng, 2018. "The consequences of shifting the IPO offer pricing power from securities regulators to market participants in weak institutional environments: Evidence from China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 349-370.
    20. Barry, Christopher B. & Muscarella, Chris J. & Peavy, John III & Vetsuypens, Michael R., 1990. "The role of venture capital in the creation of public companies*1: Evidence from the going-public process," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 447-471, October.
    21. Deng, Qi & Zhou, Zhong-guo, 2016. "Overreaction in ChiNext IPOs' initial returns: How much and what caused it?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 82-103.
    22. Qi Deng & Zhong-guo Zhou, 2016. "The pricing of first day opening price returns for ChiNext IPOs," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 249-271, August.
    23. Megginson, William L & Weiss, Kathleen A, 1991. "Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(3), pages 879-903, July.
    24. Tim Loughran & Jay R. Ritter, 2002. "Why Don't Issuers Get Upset About Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(2), pages 413-444, March.
    25. M. Monica Hussein & Zhong-Guo Zhou, 2014. "The Initial Return and Its Conditional Return Volatility: Evidence from the Chinese IPO Market," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 17(04), pages 1-32.
    26. Cumming, Douglas & Zhang, Yelin, 2016. "Alternative investments in emerging markets: A review and new trends," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 1-23.
    27. Johan, Sofia & Zhang, Minjie, 2016. "Private equity exits in emerging markets," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 133-153.
    28. Ritter, Jay R, 1991. "The Long-run Performance of Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 3-27, March.
    29. Erin E. Smith & Janet Kiholm Smith & Richard L. Smith, 2022. "Bias in the Reporting of Venture Capital Performance: The Disciplinary Role of FOIA," Review of Corporate Finance, now publishers, vol. 2(3), pages 493-525, December.
    30. Xiaoqiong Cai & Guy Liu & Bryan Mase, 2008. "The long-run performance of initial public offerings and its determinants: the case of China," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 30(4), pages 419-432, May.
    31. Patricia M. Dechow & Richard G. Sloan & Amy P. Sweeney, 1996. "Causes and Consequences of Earnings Manipulation: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 13(1), pages 1-36, March.
    32. Chang, Eric C. & Luo, Yan & Ren, Jinjuan, 2013. "Cross-listing and pricing efficiency: The informational and anchoring role played by the reference price," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 4449-4464.
    33. May Hu & Xiao Jun & Jingjing Yang, 2015. "Management Trading in Chinese Entrepreneurial Firms on the ChiNext," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(S5), pages 33-45, September.
    34. Gompers, Paul A., 1996. "Grandstanding in the venture capital industry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 133-156, September.
    35. Shiller, Robert J, 1990. "Speculative Prices and Popular Models," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 55-65, Spring.
    36. Monica Hussein & Zhong-guo Zhou & Qi Deng, 2020. "Does risk disclosure in prospectus matter in ChiNext IPOs’ initial underpricing?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 54(3), pages 957-979, April.
    37. Wang, Qing (Sophie) & Anderson, Hamish & Chi, Jing, 2018. "VC political connections and IPO earnings management," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 148-163.
    38. Aggarwal, Rajesh K. & Krigman, Laurie & Womack, Kent L., 2002. "Strategic IPO underpricing, information momentum, and lockup expiration selling," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 105-137, October.
    39. Mario Levis, 1993. "The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings: The UK Experience 1980-1988," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 22(1), Spring.
    40. Hsuan-Chi Chen & Sheng-Syan Chen & Chia-Wei Huang, 2012. "Why Do Insiders Sell Shares Following IPO Lockups?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 41(4), pages 813-847, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Deng, Qi & Dai, Lunge & Yang, Zixin & Zhou, Zhong-Guo & Hussein, Monica & Chen, Dingyi & Swartz, Mick, 2023. "The impacts of regulation regime changes on ChiNext IPOs: Effects of 2013 and 2020 reforms on initial return, fair value and overreaction," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    2. Xie, Wenxin, 2024. "Information disclosure transparency and shareholder wealth: Based on textual analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    3. Deng, Qi & Zheng, Linhong & Peng, Jiaqi & Li, Xu & Zhou, Zhong-guo & Hussein, Monica & Chen, Dingyi & Swartz, Mick, 2024. "The impacts of registration regime implementation on IPO pricing efficiency," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    4. Qi Deng & Linhong Zheng & Jiaqi Peng & Xu Li & Zhong-guo Zhou & Monica Hussein & Dingyi Chen & Mick Swartz, 2023. "The Impacts of Registration Regime Implementation on IPO Pricing Efficiency," Papers 2307.09669, arXiv.org.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhou, Zhong-guo & Hussein, Monica & Deng, Qi, 2021. "ChiNext IPOs' initial returns before and after the 2013 stock market reform: What can we learn?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    2. Reber, Beat, 2017. "Does mispricing, liquidity or third-party certification contribute to IPO downside risk?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 25-53.
    3. Gullapalli, Rachita & Knyazeva, Anzhela, 2020. "Foreign issuers in emerging growth company IPOs," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    4. Goergen, Marc & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Koutroumpis, Panagiotis, 2021. "Do multiple credit ratings reduce money left on the table? Evidence from U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    5. Agathee, Ushad Subadar & Sannassee, Raja Vinesh & Brooks, Chris, 2012. "The underpricing of IPOs on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 281-303.
    6. Natalia Matanova & Tanja Steigner & Bingsheng Yi & Qiancheng Zheng, 2019. "Going concern opinions and IPO pricing accuracy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 195-238, July.
    7. Trauten, Andreas, 2004. "Zur Effizienz von Wertpapieremissionen über Internetplattformen," Working Papers 8, University of Münster, Competence Center Internet Economy and Hybrid Systems, European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS).
    8. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    9. Riccardo Ferretti & Antonio Meles, 2010. "Underpricing, wealth loss for pre-existing shareholders and the cost of going public: the role of private equity backing in Italian IPOs," Venture Capital, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 23-47, September.
    10. Jeppsson, Hans, 2018. "Initial public offerings, subscription precommitments and venture capital participation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 650-668.
    11. Saade, Samer, 2015. "Investor sentiment and the underperformance of technology firms initial public offerings," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 205-232.
    12. Otchere, Isaac & Owusu-Antwi, George & Mohsni, Sana, 2013. "Why are stock exchange IPOs so underpriced and yet outperform in the long run?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 76-98.
    13. Kolb, Johannes & Tykvová, Tereza, 2016. "Going public via special purpose acquisition companies: Frogs do not turn into princes," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 80-96.
    14. Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Kallias, Antonios & Kallias, Konstantinos & Tzeremes, Panayiotis G., 2017. "Political money contributions of U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 19-38.
    15. Switzer, Lorne N. & El Meslmani, Nabil & Zhai, Xinkai, 2022. "IPO performance and the size effect: Evidence for the US and Canada," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    16. Woei-Chyuan Wong & Seow-Eng Ong & Joseph Ooi, 2013. "Sponsor Backing in Asian REIT IPOs," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 299-320, February.
    17. Garg, Roshni & Shukla, Abha, 2024. "Sovereign wealth funds as anchor investors in IPOs: Evidence from India," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    18. Li, Xiaorong & Wang, Steven Shuye & Wang, Xue, 2019. "Trust and IPO underpricing," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 224-248.
    19. Elvira Tiziana La Rocca, 2016. "Ipo, Underpricing e Corporate governance: una meta analisi," ESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2016(1), pages 41-64.
    20. L. Cassia & G. Giudici & S. Paleari & R. Redondi, 2004. "IPO underpricing in Italy," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 179-194.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Initial underpricing; insiders' shareholdings; Earnings management; Lockup-end sell; Long-run underperformance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ememar:v:53:y:2022:i:c:s1566014122000577. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620356 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.