IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v300y2022i3p884-901.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Time- and price-based product differentiation in hybrid distribution with stockout-based substitution

Author

Listed:
  • Hammami, Ramzi
  • Asgari, Erfan
  • Frein, Yannick
  • Nouira, Imen

Abstract

A delivery mix that includes delivery from stock and drop-shipping is of interest to many internet retailers. We consider a retailer serving a time- and price-sensitive market with two substitutable products that differ in the guaranteed delivery time and price, an express product (delivered from the stock) and a regular product (drop-shipped). In case of stockout, customers may switch from the express product to the regular product. We study how to differentiate the products in terms of delivery times and prices and how to determine the stock level to maximize the retailer's expected profit while satisfying service constraints. We solve different variants of the problem and derive insights into the optimal retailer's strategy. In addition, we study the impact of stockout-based substitution. This paper is the first to investigate time- and price-based differentiation along with inventory decisions for a retailer who relies on a hybrid distribution to satisfy a time- and price-sensitive demand subject to stockout-based substitution. When prices and stock are fixed, in addition to minimum and maximum time differentiations, a medium differentiation strategy may be optimal but depends on the stock level. When only prices are fixed, there exists a price differentiation limit below which a minimum time differentiation is optimal, and above which only the express product should be offered. For the general model, numerical experiments show that a higher stockout-based substitution leads to greater time differentiation (which is consistent with the results of previous models) and more stock. However, this would not impact the price differentiation.

Suggested Citation

  • Hammami, Ramzi & Asgari, Erfan & Frein, Yannick & Nouira, Imen, 2022. "Time- and price-based product differentiation in hybrid distribution with stockout-based substitution," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 300(3), pages 884-901.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:300:y:2022:i:3:p:884-901
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2021.08.042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221721007347
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.08.042?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hammami, Ramzi & Frein, Yannick & Albana, Abduh S., 2020. "Delivery time quotation and pricing in two-stage supply chains: Centralized decision-making with global and local managerial approaches," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 286(1), pages 164-177.
    2. Li, Guo & Zhang, Xuefeng & Liu, Mengqi, 2019. "E-tailer’s procurement strategies for drop-shipping: Simultaneous vs. sequential approach to two manufacturers," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 108-127.
    3. Hua, Guowei & Wang, Shouyang & Cheng, T.C.E., 2010. "Price and lead time decisions in dual-channel supply chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 205(1), pages 113-126, August.
    4. Heydari, Jafar & Govindan, Kannan & Aslani, Amin, 2019. "Pricing and greening decisions in a three-tier dual channel supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 185-196.
    5. Modak, Nikunja Mohan & Kelle, Peter, 2019. "Managing a dual-channel supply chain under price and delivery-time dependent stochastic demand," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(1), pages 147-161.
    6. Zhu, Stuart X., 2015. "Integration of capacity, pricing, and lead-time decisions in a decentralized supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 14-23.
    7. Ramzi Hammami & Yannick Frein & Abduh Albana, 2020. "Delivery time quotation and pricing in two-stage supply chains: Centralized decision-making with global and local managerial approaches," Post-Print hal-02898219, HAL.
    8. Andrei Hagiu & Julian Wright, 2015. "Marketplace or Reseller?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(1), pages 184-203, January.
    9. Liming Liu & Mahmut Parlar & Stuart X. Zhu, 2007. "Pricing and Lead Time Decisions in Decentralized Supply Chains," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 53(5), pages 713-725, May.
    10. Khouja, Moutaz & Stylianou, Antonis C., 2009. "A (Q,R) inventory model with a drop-shipping option for e-business," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 896-908, August.
    11. Sayid Albana, Abduh & Frein, Yannick & Hammami, Ramzi, 2018. "Effect of a lead time-dependent cost on lead time quotation, pricing, and capacity decisions in a stochastic make-to-order system with endogenous demand," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 83-95.
    12. Tamer Boyaci & Saibal Ray, 2003. "Product Differentiation and Capacity Cost Interaction in Time and Price Sensitive Markets," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 5(1), pages 18-36, May.
    13. Ayanso, Anteneh & Diaby, Moustapha & Nair, Suresh K., 2006. "Inventory rationing via drop-shipping in Internet retailing: A sensitivity analysis," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 171(1), pages 135-152, May.
    14. S. Rajagopalan, 2002. "Make to Order or Make to Stock: Model and Application," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(2), pages 241-256, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kiczmachowska Ewa E. & de Pourbaix Paweł & Jemielniak Dariusz, 2023. "Price Differentiation in Online and Offline Retail: An Empirical Study of Current Practices," Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, Sciendo, vol. 48(2), pages 1-16, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ramzi Hammami & Erfan Asgari & Yannick Frein & Imen Nouira, 2022. "Time- and price-based product differentiation in hybrid distribution with stockout-based substitution," Post-Print hal-03696900, HAL.
    2. Hammami, Ramzi & Frein, Yannick & Nouira, Imen & Albana, Abduh-Sayid, 2022. "On the interplay between local lead times, overall lead time, prices, and profits in decentralized supply chains," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    3. Yang, Yang & Liu, Jie & Hu, Taizhong, 2023. "Capital allocation and pricing decisions under trade credit with time-sensitive stochastic demand," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    4. Zhao, Jing & Zhang, Qin, 2021. "The effect of contract methods on the lead time of a two-level photovoltaic supply chain: revenue-sharing vs. cost-sharing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    5. Zhai, Yue & Cheng, T.C.E., 2022. "Lead-time quotation and hedging coordination in make-to-order supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 300(2), pages 449-460.
    6. Zhai, Yue & Hua, Guowei & Cheng, Meng & Cheng, T.C.E., 2023. "Production lead-time hedging and order allocation in an MTO supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 311(3), pages 887-905.
    7. Ramzi Hammami & Yannick Frein & Abduh Albana, 2020. "Delivery time quotation and pricing in two-stage supply chains: Centralized decision-making with global and local managerial approaches," Post-Print hal-02898219, HAL.
    8. Sun, Yiqi & Wu, Zhengping & Zhu, Wanshan, 2022. "When do firms benefit from joint price and lead-time competition?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 302(2), pages 497-517.
    9. Hammami, Ramzi & Frein, Yannick & Albana, Abduh S., 2020. "Delivery time quotation and pricing in two-stage supply chains: Centralized decision-making with global and local managerial approaches," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 286(1), pages 164-177.
    10. Ma, Jun & Nault, Barrie R. & Tu, Yiliu (Paul), 2023. "Customer segmentation, pricing, and lead time decisions: A stochastic-user-equilibrium perspective," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    11. Zhang, Guangming & Dai, Gengxin & Sun, Hao & Zhang, Guitao & Yang, Zhilin, 2020. "Equilibrium in supply chain network with competition and service level between channels considering consumers' channel preferences," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    12. Matsui, Kenji, 2020. "Optimal bargaining timing of a wholesale price for a manufacturer with a retailer in a dual-channel supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 287(1), pages 225-236.
    13. Li, Jin & Hu, Zening & Shi, Victor & Wang, Qian, 2021. "Manufacturer's encroachment strategy with substitutable green products," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    14. Matsui, Kenji, 2024. "Should competing suppliers with dual-channel supply chains adopt agency selling in an e-commerce platform?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 312(2), pages 587-604.
    15. Matsui, Kenji, 2022. "Should a retailer bargain over a wholesale price with a manufacturer using a dual-channel supply chain?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 300(3), pages 1050-1066.
    16. Niu, Baozhuang & Xie, Fengfeng & Chen, Lei & Xu, Xin, 2020. "Join logistics sharing alliance or not? Incentive analysis of competing E-commerce firms with promised-delivery-time," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    17. Hongyan Li & Joern Meissner, 2018. "Capacity optimization and competition with cyclical and lead-time-dependent demands," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 271(2), pages 737-763, December.
    18. Ding, Yi & Gao, Xing & Huang, Chao & Shu, Jia & Yang, Donghui, 2018. "Service competition in an online duopoly market," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 58-72.
    19. Sayid Albana, Abduh & Frein, Yannick & Hammami, Ramzi, 2018. "Effect of a lead time-dependent cost on lead time quotation, pricing, and capacity decisions in a stochastic make-to-order system with endogenous demand," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 83-95.
    20. Xu, Xiaoping & He, Ping & Zhou, Li & Cheng, T.C.E., 2023. "Coordination of a platform-based supply chain in the marketplace or reselling mode considering cross-channel effect and blockchain technology," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 309(1), pages 170-187.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:300:y:2022:i:3:p:884-901. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eor .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.