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Application of automated QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and management in the Bagmati River, Nepal

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  • Kannel, Prakash Raj
  • Lee, S.
  • Lee, Y.-S.
  • Kanel, S.R.
  • Pelletier, G.J.

Abstract

The Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) receives seven major polluted tributaries. Discharges of wastewaters containing degradable organics and nutrients have resulted in decrease in DO concentrations along its course. A one-dimensional stream water quality model QUAL2Kw was calibrated and confirmed using the data in 2000. The model represented the field data quite well with some exceptions. The sensitivity analysis showed the model was highly sensitive for water depth and moderate to point sources flow, TN, CBOD and nitrification rate. The model was applied to simulate various water quality management strategies during critical period to maintain the targeted water quality criteria (minimum DO at or above 4mg/L; maximum CBOD, TN, TP and temperature at or below 3, 2.5 and 0.1mg/L and 20°C, respectively, and pH range 6.5–8.5) considering: (i) pollution loads modification (ii) flow augmentation and (iii) local oxygenation. Except for CBOD, all the stated quality limits were achieved with 30mg/L CBOD, 5mg/L TN, 0.25mg/L TP limits at point sources and with flow augmentation of 1m3/s and local oxygenations at three critical locations. The simulated maximum CBOD was 8.5mg/L. It was considered reasonable for the developing country, Nepal, as the European water quality with maximum CBDO of 3mg/L is difficult to achieve. The results showed the local oxygenation is effective to maintain minimum DO concentrations in the river. The combination of wastewater modification, flow augmentation and local oxygenation is suitable to maintain the acceptable limits of water quality criteria.

Suggested Citation

  • Kannel, Prakash Raj & Lee, S. & Lee, Y.-S. & Kanel, S.R. & Pelletier, G.J., 2007. "Application of automated QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and management in the Bagmati River, Nepal," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 202(3), pages 503-517.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecomod:v:202:y:2007:i:3:p:503-517
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.033
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Herbay, J.-P. & Smeers, Y. & Tyteca, D., 1983. "Water quality management with time varying river flow and discharger control," LIDAM Reprints CORE 555, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
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    Cited by:

    1. Samara Soares & Joel Vasco & Paulo Scalize, 2023. "Water Quality Simulation in the Bois River, Goiás, Central Brazil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    2. Nguyen Hong Duc & Ram Avtar & Pankaj Kumar & Pham Phuong Lan, 2021. "Scenario-based numerical simulation to predict future water quality for developing robust water management plan: a case study from the Hau River, Vietnam," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 26(7), pages 1-38, October.
    3. Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal & Muhammad Shoaib & Hafiz Umar Farid & Jung Lyul Lee, 2018. "Assessment of Water Quality Profile Using Numerical Modeling Approach in Major Climate Classes of Asia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, October.
    4. Ruibin Zhang & Xin Qian & Wenting Zhu & Hailong Gao & Wei Hu & Jinhua Wang, 2014. "Simulation and Evaluation of Pollution Load Reduction Scenarios for Water Environmental Management: A Case Study of Inflow River of Taihu Lake, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-19, September.
    5. Zelalem Abera Angello & Beshah M. Behailu & Jens Tränckner, 2020. "Integral Application of Chemical Mass Balance and Watershed Model to Estimate Point and Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loads in Data-Scarce Little Akaki River, Ethiopia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-18, August.
    6. Pauer, James J. & Auer, Martin T., 2009. "Formulation and testing of a novel river nitrification model," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 220(6), pages 857-866.
    7. Holguin-Gonzalez, Javier E. & Boets, Pieter & Alvarado, Andres & Cisneros, Felipe & Carrasco, María C. & Wyseure, Guido & Nopens, Ingmar & Goethals, Peter L.M., 2013. "Integrating hydraulic, physicochemical and ecological models to assess the effectiveness of water quality management strategies for the River Cuenca in Ecuador," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 254(C), pages 1-14.
    8. Zhuohang Xin & Lei Ye & Chi Zhang, 2019. "Application of Export Coefficient Model and QUAL2K for Water Environmental Management in a Rural Watershed," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-15, October.
    9. Pavitra Kumar & Sai Hin Lai & Jee Khai Wong & Nuruol Syuhadaa Mohd & Md Rowshon Kamal & Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan & Ali Najah Ahmed & Mohsen Sherif & Ahmed Sefelnasr & Ahmed El-Shafie, 2020. "Review of Nitrogen Compounds Prediction in Water Bodies Using Artificial Neural Networks and Other Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-26, May.

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