IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecofin/v58y2021ics1062940821001455.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on G20 stock markets

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Yanshuang
  • Zhuang, Xintian
  • Wang, Jian
  • Dong, Zibing

Abstract

We examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on G20 stock markets from multiple perspectives. To measure the impact of COVID-19 on cross-market linkages and deeply explore the dynamic evolution of risk transmission relations and paths among G20 stock markets, we statically and dynamically measure total, net, and pairwise volatility connectedness among G20 stock markets based on the DY approach by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012, 2014). The results indicate that the total volatility connectedness among G20 stock markets increases significantly during the COVID-19 crisis, moreover, the volatility connectedness display dynamic evolution characteristics during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, we also find that the developed markets are the main spillover transmitters while the emerging markets are the main spillover receivers. Furthermore, to capture the impact of COVID-19 on the volatility spillovers of G20 stock markets, we individually apply the spatial econometrics methods to analyze both the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on the stock markets’ volatility spillovers based on the “volatility spillover network matrix” innovatively constructed in this paper. The empirical results suggest that stock markets react more strongly to the COVID-19 confirmed cases and cured cases than the death cases. In general, our study offers some reference for both the investors and policymakers to understand the impact of COVID-19 on global stock markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Yanshuang & Zhuang, Xintian & Wang, Jian & Dong, Zibing, 2021. "Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on G20 stock markets," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecofin:v:58:y:2021:i:c:s1062940821001455
    DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2021.101530
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1062940821001455
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101530?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kowalewski, Oskar & Śpiewanowski, Piotr, 2020. "Stock market response to potash mine disasters," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    2. Iqbal, Najaf & Fareed, Zeeshan & Wan, Guangcai & Shahzad, Farrukh, 2021. "Asymmetric nexus between COVID-19 outbreak in the world and cryptocurrency market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    3. Wang, Gang-Jin & Xie, Chi & Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Stanley, H. Eugene, 2016. "Extreme risk spillover effects in world gold markets and the global financial crisis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 55-77.
    4. Bouri, Elie & Cepni, Oguzhan & Gabauer, David & Gupta, Rangan, 2021. "Return connectedness across asset classes around the COVID-19 outbreak," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    5. Francis X. Diebold & Kamil Yilmaz, 2009. "Measuring Financial Asset Return and Volatility Spillovers, with Application to Global Equity Markets," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(534), pages 158-171, January.
    6. Kübra Akca & Serda Selin Ozturk, 2016. "The Effect of 2008 Crisis on the Volatility Spillovers among Six Major Markets," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 16(1), pages 169-178, March.
    7. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    8. Battaglia, Francesca & Gallo, Angela, 2013. "Securitization and systemic risk: An empirical investigation on Italian banks over the financial crisis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 274-286.
    9. Silva, Thiago Christiano & de Souza, Sergio Rubens Stancato & Tabak, Benjamin Miranda, 2016. "Network structure analysis of the Brazilian interbank market," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 130-152.
    10. Assaf, Ata & Charif, Husni & Mokni, Khaled, 2021. "Dynamic connectedness between uncertainty and energy markets: Do investor sentiments matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    11. Zhang, Weiping & Zhuang, Xintian & Lu, Yang & Wang, Jian, 2020. "Spatial linkage of volatility spillovers and its explanation across G20 stock markets: A network framework," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    12. Kee-Hong Bae & G. Andrew Karolyi & René M. Stulz, 2003. "A New Approach to Measuring Financial Contagion," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(3), pages 717-763, July.
    13. Cardona, Laura & Gutiérrez, Marcela & Agudelo, Diego A., 2017. "Volatility transmission between US and Latin American stock markets: Testing the decoupling hypothesis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(PA), pages 115-127.
    14. Silvennoinen, Annastiina & Thorp, Susan, 2013. "Financialization, crisis and commodity correlation dynamics," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 42-65.
    15. Baur, Dirk G. & Lucey, Brian M., 2009. "Flights and contagion--An empirical analysis of stock-bond correlations," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 339-352, December.
    16. Sun, Yunpeng & Bao, Qun & Lu, Zhou, 2021. "Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, investor sentiment, and medical portfolio: Evidence from China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, and U.S," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    17. Baele, Lieven, 2005. "Volatility Spillover Effects in European Equity Markets," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(2), pages 373-401, June.
    18. Zhang, Weiping & Zhuang, Xintian, 2019. "The stability of Chinese stock network and its mechanism," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 515(C), pages 748-761.
    19. Zaremba, Adam & Kizys, Renatas & Aharon, David Y. & Demir, Ender, 2020. "Infected Markets: Novel Coronavirus, Government Interventions, and Stock Return Volatility around the Globe," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    20. McIver, Ron P. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Financial crises and the dynamics of the spillovers between the U.S. and BRICS stock markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    21. Shehzad, Khurram & Xiaoxing, Liu & Kazouz, Hayfa, 2020. "COVID-19’s disasters are perilous than Global Financial Crisis: A rumor or fact?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    22. White, Halbert & Kim, Tae-Hwan & Manganelli, Simone, 2015. "VAR for VaR: Measuring tail dependence using multivariate regression quantiles," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 187(1), pages 169-188.
    23. Lin, Boqiang & Su, Tong, 2021. "Does COVID-19 open a Pandora's box of changing the connectedness in energy commodities?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    24. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis & Kyle J. Kost & Marco C. Sammon & Tasaneeya Viratyosin, 2020. "The Unprecedented Stock Market Impact of COVID-19," NBER Working Papers 26945, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    25. Koop, Gary & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Potter, Simon M., 1996. "Impulse response analysis in nonlinear multivariate models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1), pages 119-147, September.
    26. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    27. Zhang, Weiping & Zhuang, Xintian & Wang, Jian & Lu, Yang, 2020. "Connectedness and systemic risk spillovers analysis of Chinese sectors based on tail risk network," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    28. Yi, Shuyue & Xu, Zishuang & Wang, Gang-Jin, 2018. "Volatility connectedness in the cryptocurrency market: Is Bitcoin a dominant cryptocurrency?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 98-114.
    29. Goodell, John W., 2020. "COVID-19 and finance: Agendas for future research," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    30. Conlon, Thomas & Corbet, Shaen & McGee, Richard J., 2020. "Are cryptocurrencies a safe haven for equity markets? An international perspective from the COVID-19 pandemic," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    31. Chesney, Marc & Reshetar, Ganna & Karaman, Mustafa, 2011. "The impact of terrorism on financial markets: An empirical study," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 253-267, February.
    32. Wen, Tiange & Wang, Gang-Jin, 2020. "Volatility connectedness in global foreign exchange markets," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    33. Wang, Gang-Jin & Xie, Chi & Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Eugene Stanley, H., 2016. "Who are the net senders and recipients of volatility spillovers in China’s financial markets?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 255-262.
    34. Awartani, Basel & Aktham, Maghyereh & Cherif, Guermat, 2016. "The connectedness between crude oil and financial markets: Evidence from implied volatility indices," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 56-69.
    35. Ichev, Riste & Marinč, Matej, 2018. "Stock prices and geographic proximity of information: Evidence from the Ebola outbreak," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 153-166.
    36. Zhi-Hong Han & Sheng Yang & Mu-Ling Chen & Ling-Yun He, 2015. "Mean spillover effect between crude oil and gasoline markets: an empirical result," International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 38(1/2/3), pages 49-68.
    37. Ye Bai, 2014. "Cross-border sentiment: an empirical analysis on EU stock markets," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(4), pages 259-290, February.
    38. Papadamou, Stephanos & Fassas, Athanasios & Kenourgios, Dimitris & Dimitriou, Dimitrios, 2020. "Direct and Indirect Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Implied Stock Market Volatility: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis," MPRA Paper 100020, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    39. Liu, Xueyong & An, Haizhong & Li, Huajiao & Chen, Zhihua & Feng, Sida & Wen, Shaobo, 2017. "Features of spillover networks in international financial markets: Evidence from the G20 countries," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 479(C), pages 265-278.
    40. Maghyereh, Aktham I. & Awartani, Basel & Bouri, Elie, 2016. "The directional volatility connectedness between crude oil and equity markets: New evidence from implied volatility indexes," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 78-93.
    41. Rodriguez, Juan Carlos, 2007. "Measuring financial contagion: A Copula approach," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 401-423, June.
    42. Li, Yanshuang & Zhuang, Xintian & Wang, Jian, 2021. "Analysis of the cross-region risk contagion effect in stock market based on volatility spillover networks: Evidence from China," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    43. Zhang, Weiping & Zhuang, Xintian & Li, Yanshuang, 2019. "Dynamic evolution process of financial impact path under the multidimensional spatial effect based on G20 financial network," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 532(C).
    44. Marc A. Ragin & Martin Halek, 2016. "Market Expectations Following Catastrophes: An Examination of Insurance Broker Returns," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 83(4), pages 849-876, December.
    45. Del Giudice, Alfonso & Paltrinieri, Andrea, 2017. "The impact of the Arab Spring and the Ebola outbreak on African equity mutual fund investor decisions," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 600-612.
    46. Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2020. "Stock markets’ reaction to COVID-19: Cases or fatalities?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    47. Du, Limin & He, Yanan, 2015. "Extreme risk spillovers between crude oil and stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 455-465.
    48. Huang, Wei-Qiang & Wang, Dan, 2018. "Systemic importance analysis of chinese financial institutions based on volatility spillover network," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 19-30.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Muntazir Hussain & Usman Bashir & Ramiz Ur Rehman, 2024. "Exchange Rate and Stock Prices Volatility Connectedness and Spillover during Pandemic Induced-Crises: Evidence from BRICS Countries," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 31(1), pages 183-203, March.
    2. Zhang, Xu & Ding, Zhijing & Hang, Jianqin & He, Qizhi, 2022. "How do stock price indices absorb the COVID-19 pandemic shocks?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    3. Xie, Qiwei & Cheng, Lu & Liu, Ranran & Zheng, Xiaolong & Li, Jingyu, 2023. "COVID-19 and risk spillovers of China's major financial markets: Evidence from time-varying variance decomposition and wavelet coherence analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    4. Wasim ul Rehman & Omur Saltik & Faryal Jalil & Suleyman Degirmen, 2024. "Viral decisions: unmasking the impact of COVID-19 info and behavioral quirks on investment choices," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, December.
    5. Choi, Sun-Yong, 2022. "Dynamic volatility spillovers between industries in the US stock market: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Monday," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    6. Li, Yanshuang & Shi, Yujie & Shi, Yongdong & Yi, Shangkun & Zhang, Weiping, 2023. "COVID-19 vaccinations and risk spillovers: Evidence from Asia-Pacific stock markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    7. Qiuyun Wang & Lu Liu, 2022. "Pandemic or panic? A firm-level study on the psychological and industrial impacts of COVID-19 on the Chinese stock market," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-38, December.
    8. Zhou, Dong-hai & Liu, Xiao-xing, 2023. "Do world stock markets “jump” together? A measure of high-frequency volatility risk spillover networks," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    9. Ling, Aifan & Huang, Xinrui & Ling, Boya (Vivye), 2022. "Fund immunity to the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Chinese equity funds," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    10. Liu, Yan & Cheng, Xian & Liao, Stephen Shaoyi & Yang, Feng, 2023. "The impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality Industry: Evidence from international stock markets," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    11. Li, Yanshuang & Shi, Yujie & Shi, Yongdong & Xiong, Xiong & Yi, Shangkun, 2024. "Time-frequency extreme risk spillovers between COVID-19 news-based panic sentiment and stock market volatility in the multi-layer network: Evidence from the RCEP countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    12. Kuan-Min Wang & Yuan-Ming Lee, 2023. "Are life insurance futures a safe haven during COVID-19?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-27, December.
    13. Espinosa-Paredes, G. & Rodriguez, E. & Alvarez-Ramirez, J., 2022. "A singular value decomposition entropy approach to assess the impact of Covid-19 on the informational efficiency of the WTI crude oil market," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    14. Xiangyu Chen & Jittima Tongurai & Pattana Boonchoo, 2024. "Revisiting China’s Commodity Futures Market Amid the Main Waves of COVID-19 Pandemics," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 31(4), pages 1035-1063, December.
    15. Jin, Xiu & Liu, Yueli & Yu, Jinming & Huang, Weiqiang, 2023. "COVID-19 and extreme risk spillovers between oil and BRICS stock markets: A multiscale perspective," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    16. Kumari, Vineeta & Kumar, Gaurav & Pandey, Dharen Kumar, 2023. "Are the European Union stock markets vulnerable to the Russia–Ukraine war?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Yanshuang & Zhuang, Xintian & Wang, Jian, 2021. "Analysis of the cross-region risk contagion effect in stock market based on volatility spillover networks: Evidence from China," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    2. Dong, Zibing & Li, Yanshuang & Zhuang, Xintian & Wang, Jian, 2022. "Impacts of COVID-19 on global stock sectors: Evidence from time-varying connectedness and asymmetric nexus analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    3. Yarovaya, Larisa & Brzeszczyński, Janusz & Goodell, John W. & Lucey, Brian & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2022. "Rethinking financial contagion: Information transmission mechanism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    4. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    5. Foglia, Matteo & Addi, Abdelhamid & Angelini, Eliana, 2022. "The Eurozone banking sector in the time of COVID-19: Measuring volatility connectedness," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    6. Lang, Chunlin & Hu, Yang & Corbet, Shaen & Hou, Yang (Greg), 2024. "Tail risk connectedness in G7 stock markets: Understanding the impact of COVID-19 and related variants," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    7. Li, Yanshuang & Shi, Yujie & Shi, Yongdong & Yi, Shangkun & Zhang, Weiping, 2023. "COVID-19 vaccinations and risk spillovers: Evidence from Asia-Pacific stock markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    8. Faheem Aslam & Paulo Ferreira & Khurrum Shahzad Mughal & Beenish Bashir, 2021. "Intraday Volatility Spillovers among European Financial Markets during COVID-19," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-19, January.
    9. Umar, Muhammad & Farid, Saqib & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr, 2022. "Time-frequency connectedness among clean-energy stocks and fossil fuel markets: Comparison between financial, oil and pandemic crisis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    10. Wang, Gang-Jin & Chen, Yang-Yang & Si, Hui-Bin & Xie, Chi & Chevallier, Julien, 2021. "Multilayer information spillover networks analysis of China’s financial institutions based on variance decompositions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 325-347.
    11. Zhang, Weiping & Zhuang, Xintian & Lu, Yang & Wang, Jian, 2020. "Spatial linkage of volatility spillovers and its explanation across G20 stock markets: A network framework," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    12. Al-Shboul, Mohammad & Assaf, Ata & Mokni, Khaled, 2022. "When bitcoin lost its position: Cryptocurrency uncertainty and the dynamic spillover among cryptocurrencies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    13. Balcilar, Mehmet & Ozdemir, Huseyin & Agan, Busra, 2022. "Effects of COVID-19 on cryptocurrency and emerging market connectedness: Empirical evidence from quantile, frequency, and lasso networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 604(C).
    14. Corbet, Shaen & Goodell, John W. & Günay, Samet, 2020. "Co-movements and spillovers of oil and renewable firms under extreme conditions: New evidence from negative WTI prices during COVID-19," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    15. Bouri, Elie & Lei, Xiaojie & Jalkh, Naji & Xu, Yahua & Zhang, Hongwei, 2021. "Spillovers in higher moments and jumps across US stock and strategic commodity markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    16. Restrepo, Natalia & Uribe, Jorge M. & Manotas, Diego, 2018. "Financial risk network architecture of energy firms," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 630-642.
    17. Wang, Gang-Jin & Wan, Li & Feng, Yusen & Xie, Chi & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Zhu, You, 2023. "Interconnected multilayer networks: Quantifying connectedness among global stock and foreign exchange markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    18. Choi, Sun-Yong, 2022. "Volatility spillovers among Northeast Asia and the US: Evidence from the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 179-193.
    19. Costa, Antonio & Matos, Paulo & da Silva, Cristiano, 2022. "Sectoral connectedness: New evidence from US stock market during COVID-19 pandemics," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    20. Shi, Huai-Long & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2022. "Factor volatility spillover and its implications on factor premia," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    COVID-19; Volatility connectedness; G20 stock markets; Cross-market linkages;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
    • C63 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computational Techniques
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • F37 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecofin:v:58:y:2021:i:c:s1062940821001455. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620163 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.