Non-linear means-tested pensions: Welfare and distributional analyses

We present a novel approach to public pension systems by introducing a new class of non-linear means tests, encompassing conventional linear pension systems. Our framework accommodates both progressive and regressive testing methodologies. We develop an overlapping generation model designed for a small open economy with heterogeneous agents, determining the socially optimal pension function. Through calibration of our model to the Australian context, we find that the optimal non-linear income test exhibits strong regressivity, coupled with a diminished average withdrawal rate as workers’ income increases. This work sheds light on optimizing pension structures to better align with the distributional and macroeconomic structure of the economy.