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The impact of U.S. deportation of criminals on gang development and education in El Salvador

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  • Kalsi, Priti

Abstract

This paper links American criminal deportations with gang activity and reduced schooling in El Salvador. Regions with greater business density before the deportations are argued to be suitable for future gangs, as extortion of businesses is their primary source of income. These regions are shown to become disproportionately more violent with more criminal deportations. Using variation in time and location, I estimate a difference-in-differences model to study the impact of gang exposure on children's education. Gangs hinder basic education (comparable to U.S. grades 1–9), with boys experiencing a greater loss in schooling. I reject the threat of a pre-existing trend and selective migration in high business density areas. The results do not appear to be explained by violence alone, but by a weakening economy in gang-prone areas that could have lowered the returns to schooling. Boys' involvement in gangs and increased employment could explain their larger loss of schooling.

Suggested Citation

  • Kalsi, Priti, 2018. "The impact of U.S. deportation of criminals on gang development and education in El Salvador," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 433-448.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:deveco:v:135:y:2018:i:c:p:433-448
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.08.010
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Clemens, Michael A., 2021. "Violence, development, and migration waves: Evidence from Central American child migrant apprehensions," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    2. Ambrosius, Christian, 2021. "Deportations and the transnational roots of gang violence in Central America," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    3. Haugan, Gregory L. & Santos, Rafael, 2024. "Beheading a Hydra: Kingpin Extradition, Homicides, Education Outcomes, and the End of Medellin’s Pax Mafiosa," Documentos CEDE 21073, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.

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