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Enhanced cascaded frequency controller optimized by flow direction algorithm for seaport hybrid microgrid powered by renewable energies

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  • Ansari, Zafar Ayub
  • Raja, G. Lloyds

Abstract

With the rapid depletion of fossil fuels and its detrimental environmental concerns, renewable energy sources (RES) have been widely adopted in the ship power system for improving the energy flexibility at the seaport and making it easier to create a green maritime transit corridor. However, the problem of load frequency control in RES-based micro-grid systems is inescapable because of its low inertia, sporadic characteristics of RES and random load demand. Therefore, this paper presents a novel fractional order proportional integral-one plus tilt-derivative PIλ-(1 + TD) cascade controller for frequency regulation of seaport hybrid micro-grid (SHMG) system consisting of diverse RES including bio-diesel generator, fuel cell, organic Rankine cycle-based solar thermal power, wind turbine generator, sea wave energy and energy storage system. This study introduces a flow direction algorithm (FDA) to optimize the suggested hybrid cascaded PIλ-(1 + TD) controller with integral time square error serving as the objective function. The dominance of the FDA-optimized PIλ-(1 + TD) controller is proved over proportional-integral-derivative (PID), fractional-order PID (FOPID), tilt-integral-derivative (TID) and cascaded PI-PD control scheme by examining the dynamic behavior of SHMG when a variety of sea-shore loads are used as significant disruption to the considered system. Apart from a multi-step variation of load and renewable energy generation, various realistic scenarios such as random load variations, wind speed fluctuations, solar irradiance changes, availability uncertainty of RES and generating/storage units, communication time-delay and ± 30% model perturbations are also considered to analyze the efficacy and resiliency of PIλ-(1 + TD) controller. The hybrid electrical energy source, flywheel and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are used to support the SHMG for meeting the transient and steady-state power need. Heat pumps and freezers are also considered in SHMG to further advance the system's performance. The advocated PIλ-(1 + TD) controller achieves a substantial reduction of almost 30% to 38% in settling time, 16% to 27% in undershoot and 76% to 87% in overshoot compared to contemporary PID, FOPID, TID and cascaded PI-PD controllers. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed frequency control strategy is also validated when SHMG is integrated into the main grid. Comparative analyses of signal strength induced by different controllers are also worked out to ensure fair comparison and prevent actuator saturation. Finally, the Bode-based relative stability of the proposed controller is analyzed compared to its contemporaries.

Suggested Citation

  • Ansari, Zafar Ayub & Raja, G. Lloyds, 2024. "Enhanced cascaded frequency controller optimized by flow direction algorithm for seaport hybrid microgrid powered by renewable energies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 374(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:374:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924013795
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123996
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    References listed on IDEAS

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