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A region-specific raw material and lithium-ion battery criticality methodology with an assessment of NMC cathode technology

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  • Greenwood, Matthew
  • Wentker, Marc
  • Leker, Jens

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the world’s fastest growing battery technology. In order to sustain such rapid growth, it is necessary to secure stable access to the necessary materials. This study demonstrates the use of a methodology developed to quantify regional supply risk by examining the five largest global producers of LIB cells: China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. NMC cathode technology is examined in depth along with its component metals cobalt, manganese, lithium, and nickel. Data is collected over the 2005–2018 time window to allow for analyses of both averaged risks and trends. It is found that each region studied has a unique supply situation with its own areas of high and low risk which change over time, sometimes significantly. While supply risks of individual metals sometimes vary widely between regions, Western regions are found to have overall lower technology supply risks than Asian regions, though this is likely partially due to Asia’s current dominance in LIB cell production. The predicted future dominance of nickel-rich NMC cathodes is also examined, which suggests that the United States and China will likely benefit due to their low nickel risks.

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  • Greenwood, Matthew & Wentker, Marc & Leker, Jens, 2021. "A region-specific raw material and lithium-ion battery criticality methodology with an assessment of NMC cathode technology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:302:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921008941
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117512
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    2. Anthony L. Cheng & Erica R. H. Fuchs & Valerie J. Karplus & Jeremy J. Michalek, 2024. "Electric vehicle battery chemistry affects supply chain disruption vulnerabilities," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Julia Pelzeter & Vanessa Bach & Martin Henßler & Klaus Ruhland & Matthias Finkbeiner, 2022. "Enhancement of the ESSENZ Method and Application in a Case Study on Batteries," Resources, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-25, May.
    4. Zhu-Jun Wang & Zhen-Song Chen & Qin Su & Kwai-Sang Chin & Witold Pedrycz & Mirosław J. Skibniewski, 2024. "Enhancing the sustainability and robustness of critical material supply in electrical vehicle market: an AI-powered supplier selection approach," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 342(1), pages 921-958, November.
    5. Ren, Zhijun & Li, Huajie & Yan, Wenyi & Lv, Weiguang & Zhang, Guangming & Lv, Longyi & Sun, Li & Sun, Zhi & Gao, Wenfang, 2023. "Comprehensive evaluation on production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    6. F. Degen & M. Winter & D. Bendig & J. Tübke, 2023. "Energy consumption of current and future production of lithium-ion and post lithium-ion battery cells," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 8(11), pages 1284-1295, November.

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