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Dispatch of fuel cells as Transmission Integrated Grid Energy Resources to support renewables and reduce emissions

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  • Shaffer, Brendan
  • Tarroja, Brian
  • Samuelsen, Scott

Abstract

The increasing demand on electric grids to support high penetrations of intermittent renewables, enhance power quality, increase reliability and resiliency, and provide ancillary services, is leading to local power generation on both sides of the meter. This paper describes the potential attributes of deploying 10–100MW scale clusters of fuel cells installed at distribution substations to enable electric grid support through the provision of baseload and various levels of load following services. Such deployments, referred herein as Transmission Integrated Grid Energy Resource (TIGER) Stations, can also contribute to achieving air quality and climate goals through several high value attributes including high efficiency, ultra-low pollutant emissions, and near zero acoustic emissions. To quantitatively assess these benefits, a 5GW deployment of TIGER Stations in the California electric system was analyzed using the Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment (HiGRID) model at 33%, 43%, and 50% renewable penetration. The analysis establishes that (1) TIGER Stations have the potential to reduce carbon emissions and NOx emissions even when operated as baseload systems, and (2) TIGER Station load following capability is important for continued carbon emission reductions at higher renewable penetrations. Additional features of TIGER Stations, such as heat recovery or hybrid cycles, will further increase the attributes of TIGER Stations.

Suggested Citation

  • Shaffer, Brendan & Tarroja, Brian & Samuelsen, Scott, 2015. "Dispatch of fuel cells as Transmission Integrated Grid Energy Resources to support renewables and reduce emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 178-186.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:148:y:2015:i:c:p:178-186
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.018
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lund, Henrik, 2005. "Large-scale integration of wind power into different energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(13), pages 2402-2412.
    2. Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Lund, Henrik & Karlsson, Kenneth, 2011. "100% Renewable energy systems, climate mitigation and economic growth," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 488-501, February.
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    4. Chang, Martin K. & Eichman, Joshua D. & Mueller, Fabian & Samuelsen, Scott, 2013. "Buffering intermittent renewable power with hydroelectric generation: A case study in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1-11.
    5. Eichman, Joshua D. & Mueller, Fabian & Tarroja, Brian & Schell, Lori Smith & Samuelsen, Scott, 2013. "Exploration of the integration of renewable resources into California's electric system using the Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment (HiGRID) tool," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 353-363.
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    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Sarah & Tarroja, Brian & Schell, Lori Smith & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2019. "Prioritizing among the end uses of excess renewable energy for cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 284-298.
    2. Lane, Blake & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2020. "A comparison of alternative vehicle fueling infrastructure scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    3. Takashi Owaku & Hiromi Yamamoto & Atsushi Akisawa, 2023. "Optimal SOFC-CHP Installation Planning and Operation Model Considering Geographic Characteristics of Energy Supply Infrastructure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, February.
    4. Novoa, Laura & Neal, Russ & Samuelsen, Scott & Brouwer, Jack, 2020. "Fuel cell transmission integrated grid energy resources to support generation-constrained power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

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