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Long term responses of olive trees to salinity

Author

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  • Melgar, J.C.
  • Mohamed, Y.
  • Serrano, N.
  • García-Galavís, P.A.
  • Navarro, C.
  • Parra, M.A.
  • Benlloch, M.
  • Fernández-Escobar, R.

Abstract

Water demand for irrigation is increasing in olive orchards due to enhanced yields and profits. Because olive trees are considered moderately tolerant to salinity, irrigation water with salt concentrations that can be harmful for many of fruit tree crops is often used without considering the possible negative effects on olive tree growth and yield. We studied salt effects in mature olive trees in a long term field experiment (1998-2006). Eighteen-year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. Picual were cultivated under drip irrigation with saline water composed of a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. Three irrigation regimes (i. no irrigation; ii. water application considering soil water reserves, short irrigation; iii. water application without considering soil water reserves and adding a 20% more as a leaching fraction, long irrigation) and three salt concentrations (0.5, 5 or 10dSm-1) were applied. Treatments were the result of the combination of three salt concentrations with two irrigation regimes, plus the non-irrigated treatment. Growth parameters, leaf and fruit nutrition, yield, oil content and fruit characteristics were annually studied. Annual leaf nutrient analyses indicate that all nutrients were within the adequate levels. After 8 years of treatment, salinity did not affect any growth measurement and leaf Na+ and Cl- concentration were always below the toxicity threshold of 0.2 and 0.5%, respectively. Annual and accumulated yield, fruit size and pulp:stone ratio were also not affected by salts. However, oil content increased linearly with salinity, in most of the years studied. Soil salinity measurements showed that there was no accumulation of salts in the upper 30cm of the soil (where most of the roots are present) because of leaching by rainfall at the end of the irrigation period. Results suggest that a proper management of saline water, supplying Ca2+ to the irrigation water, using drip irrigation until winter rest and seasonal rainfall typical of the Mediterranean climate leach the salts from the first 0-60cm depth, and growing a tolerant cultivar, can allow using high saline irrigation water (up to 10dSm-1) for a long time without affecting growth and yield in olive trees.

Suggested Citation

  • Melgar, J.C. & Mohamed, Y. & Serrano, N. & García-Galavís, P.A. & Navarro, C. & Parra, M.A. & Benlloch, M. & Fernández-Escobar, R., 2009. "Long term responses of olive trees to salinity," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 96(7), pages 1105-1113, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:96:y:2009:i:7:p:1105-1113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chartzoulakis, K.S., 2005. "Salinity and olive: Growth, salt tolerance, photosynthesis and yield," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 78(1-2), pages 108-121, September.
    2. Corwin, Dennis L. & Rhoades, James D. & Simunek, Jirka, 2007. "Leaching requirement for soil salinity control: Steady-state versus transient models," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 90(3), pages 165-180, June.
    3. Shalhevet, Joseph, 1994. "Using water of marginal quality for crop production: major issues," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 233-269, July.
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    1. Pedrero, Francisco & Grattan, S.R. & Ben-Gal, Alon & Vivaldi, Gaetano Alessandro, 2020. "Opportunities for expanding the use of wastewaters for irrigation of olives," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    2. Bedbabis, Saida & Trigui, Dhouha & Ben Ahmed, Chedlia & Clodoveo, Maria Lisa & Camposeo, Salvatore & Vivaldi, Gaetano Alessandro & Ben Rouina, Béchir, 2015. "Long-terms effects of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on soil, yield and olive oil quality," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 14-21.
    3. Bourazanis, G. & Roussos, P.A. & Argyrokastritis, I. & Kosmas, C. & Kerkides, P., 2016. "Evaluation of the use of treated municipal waste water on the yield, oil quality, free fatty acids’ profile and nutrient levels in olive trees cv Koroneiki, in Greece," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1-8.
    4. Ghrab, Mohamed & Gargouri, Kamel & Bentaher, Hatem & Chartzoulakis, Kostas & Ayadi, Mohamed & Ben Mimoun, Mehdi & Masmoudi, Mohamed Moncef & Ben Mechlia, Netij & Psarras, Georgios, 2013. "Water relations and yield of olive tree (cv. Chemlali) in response to partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation technique and salinity under arid climate," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 1-11.
    5. Ramos, Tiago B. & Darouich, Hanaa & Šimůnek, Jiří & Gonçalves, Maria C. & Martins, José C., 2019. "Soil salinization in very high-density olive orchards grown in southern Portugal: Current risks and possible trends," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 265-281.
    6. Nicolás, E. & Alarcón, JJ & Mounzer, O. & Pedrero, F. & Nortes, PA & Alcobendas, R. & Romero-Trigueros, C. & Bayona, JM & Maestre-Valero, JF, 2016. "Long-term physiological and agronomic responses of mandarin trees to irrigation with saline reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 1-8.
    7. Peragón, Juan M. & Pérez-Latorre, Francisco J. & Delgado, Antonio & Tóth, Tibor, 2018. "Best management irrigation practices assessed by a GIS-based decision tool for reducing salinization risks in olive orchards," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 33-41.
    8. Aragüés, R. & Medina, E.T. & Martínez-Cob, A. & Faci, J., 2014. "Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on soil salinization and sodification in a semiarid drip-irrigated peach orchard," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 1-9.
    9. Trabelsi, Lina & Gargouri, Kamel & Ayadi, Mohamed & Mbadra, Chaker & Ben Nasr, Mohamed & Ben Mbarek, Hadda & Ghrab, Mohamed & Ben Ahmed, Gouta & Kammoun, Yasmine & Loukil, Emna & Maktouf, Sameh & Khli, 2022. "Impact of drought and salinity on olive potential yield, oil and fruit qualities (cv. Chemlali) in an arid climate," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).

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