IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eco/journ1/2013-04-12.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Assessment on the Relationship Between Informal Economy and Educational Level in Turkey

Author

Listed:
  • Mehmet Ela

    (Department of Public Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey)

Abstract

The informal economy is an obscure concept but it contains several economic transactions. It is a very difficult task to measure its size and dimensions, however economists have developed reliable methods to predict the size and impact of informal economy in a given country or economic region. Studies in Turkey and abroad indicate that informal economy in this country is considerably large and sprawling. Existence of informal economy is a significant problem in any country since it negatively affects the national economic system. So far, policies deployed to deal with the negative outcomes of informal economy in Turkey mainly focused on tax policies and wages. On the other hand, increased educational attainment and provision of contemporary educational programs should be considered as better means to reduce the size and negative impact of informal economy. However, before using education to solve problems related to informal economy, the educational system needs to be restructured along with other restructuring efforts in economy, politics and legal systems. Increased educational attainment should also contribute to resolution of such social problems as economic growth and unfair income distribution in the country.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehmet Ela, 2013. "An Assessment on the Relationship Between Informal Economy and Educational Level in Turkey," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 3(4), pages 910-922.
    • Handle: RePEc:eco:journ1:2013-04-12
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/download/610/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/610/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Schneider, Friedrich, 2008. "The Shadow Economy in Germany - A Blessing or a Curse for the Official Economy?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 89-111, March.
    2. Elşen BAĞIRZADE, 2012. "Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi Kavramına Ortak Yaklaşım Sorunu: Makroiktisat Kapsamlı Kavramsal Analiz," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 18(18).
    3. Benno Torgler, 2003. "Tax Morale and Institutions," CREMA Working Paper Series 2003-09, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA).
    4. Nattrass, Nicoli Jean, 1987. "Street trading in Transkei--a struggle against poverty, persecution, and prosecution," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 15(7), pages 861-875, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Cem Başlevent & Ayşenur Acar, 2015. "Recent trends in informal employment in Turkey," Yildiz Social Science Review, Yildiz Technical University, vol. 1(1), pages 77-88.
    2. Duc Hong Vo & Ha Minh Nguyen & Tan Manh Vo & Michael McAleer, 2020. "Information Sharing, Bank Penetration and Tax Evasion in Emerging Markets," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Paraskevi Koufopoulou & Colin C. Williams & Athanassios Vozikis & Kyriakos Souliotis & Antonios Samprakos, 2021. "Estimating Shadow Economy Size in Greece 2000 - 2018: A Flexible MIMIC Approach," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 71(3-4), pages 23-47, July-Dece.
    4. Cem Baslevent, 2016. "Social Transfers and Income Inequality in Turkey: How Important is the Gender Dimension?," Working Papers 1013, Economic Research Forum, revised Jun 2016.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guerino Ardizzi & Carmelo Petraglia & Massimiliano Piacenza & Gilberto Turati, 2014. "Measuring the Underground Economy with the Currency Demand Approach: A Reinterpretation of the Methodology, With an Application to Italy," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 60(4), pages 747-772, December.
    2. Cãƒtãƒlina Cozmei, 2012. "Playing The Fiscal Lottery Game," Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 6(1), pages 511-521, November.
    3. Joseph Nyamapheni & Zurika Robinson, 2022. "How can different currency regimes affect the willingness to pay tax? Tax morale evidence from Zimbabwe," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 2156678-215, December.
    4. Kirchler, Erich & Wahl, Ingrid, 2010. "Tax compliance inventory TAX-I: Designing an inventory for surveys of tax compliance," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 331-346, June.
    5. Pius B. Simon, 1998. "Informal Responses to Crises of Urban Employment: An Investigation into the Structure and Relevance of Small-scale Informal Retailing in Kaduna, Nigeria," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(6), pages 547-557, August.
    6. Swaminathan, M., 1991. "Understanding the "Informal Sector": A Survey," Research Paper 95, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
    7. Lars Gläser & Martin Halla, 2008. "Die EU‐Zinsenrichtlinie: Ein Schuss in den Ofen?," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 9(1), pages 83-101, February.
    8. Oyvat, Cem, 2016. "Agrarian Structures, Urbanization, and Inequality," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 207-230.
    9. Alm, James & Torgler, Benno, 2006. "Culture differences and tax morale in the United States and in Europe," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 224-246, April.
    10. Todorović, Miodrag & Ljajić, Samir & Ivanović, Aleksandar R., 2016. "Effects of Tax Audit on Tax Evasion and Grey Economy in the Republic of Serbia," Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference (2016), Rovinj, Croatia, in: Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference, Rovinj, Croatia, 8-9 September 2016, pages 155-160, IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb.
    11. Gaetano Lisi, 2015. "Tax morale, tax compliance and the optimal tax policy," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(c), pages 27-32.
    12. Friedrich Schneider, 2012. "The Shadow Economy and Tax Evasion: What Do We (Not) Know?," CESifo Forum, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 13(2), pages 03-12, July.
    13. Sèna Kimm Gnangnon & Jean-François Brun, 2020. "Tax reform and fiscal space in developing countries," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(2), pages 237-265, June.
    14. González-Fernández, Marcos & González-Velasco, Carmen, 2015. "Analysis of the shadow economy in the Spanish regions," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 1049-1064.
    15. Sena Kimm Gnangnon, 2020. "Effect of Development Aid on Tax Reform in Recipient-Countries: Does Trade Openness Matter?," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(01), pages 1-23, January.
    16. Hajilee, Massomeh & Niroomand, Farhang, 2019. "On the link between financial market inclusion and trade openness: An asymmetric analysis," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 373-381.
    17. Luisanna Onnis & Patrizio Tirelli, 2010. "Challenging the popular wisdom. New estimates of the unobserved economy," Working Papers 184, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Apr 2010.
    18. Koettl, Johannes & Weber, Michael, 2012. "Does Formal Work Pay? The Role of Labor Taxation and Social Benefit Design in the New EU Member States," IZA Discussion Papers 6313, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    19. Daniel Jeong-Dae Lee, 2019. "Cheating the government: does taxpayer perception matter?," Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development Journal, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), vol. 26(2), pages 1-23, December.
    20. Luisanna Onnis & Patrizio Tirelli, 2011. "Institutions, policies and economic development. What are the causes of the shadow economy?," Working Papers 206, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2011.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Informal economy; education; informal employment;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • E26 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
    • H52 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Education

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eco:journ1:2013-04-12. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ilhan Ozturk (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.econjournals.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.