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Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention

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  • Autesserre, Séverine

Abstract

Why do international peacebuilders fail to address the local causes of peace process failures? The existing explanations of peacebuilding failures, which focus on constraints and vested interests, do not explain the international neglect of local conflict. In this article, I show how discursive frames shape international intervention and preclude international action on local violence. Drawing on more than 330 interviews, multi-sited ethnography, and document analysis, I develop a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo's transition from war to peace and democracy (2003–2006). I demonstrate that local agendas played a decisive role in sustaining local, national, and regional violence. However, a postconflict peacebuilding frame shaped the international understanding of violence and intervention in such a way that local conflict resolution appeared irrelevant and illegitimate. This frame included four key elements: international actors labeled the Congo a “postconflict” situation; they believed that violence there was innate and therefore acceptable even in peacetime; they conceptualized international intervention as exclusively concerned with the national and international realms; and they saw holding elections, as opposed to local conflict resolution, as a workable, appropriate, and effective tool for state- and peacebuilding. This frame authorized and justified specific practices and policies while precluding others, notably local conflict resolution, ultimately dooming the peacebuilding efforts. In conclusion, I contend that analyzing discursive frames is a fruitful approach to the puzzle of international peacebuilding failures beyond the Congo.

Suggested Citation

  • Autesserre, Séverine, 2009. "Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 63(2), pages 249-280, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:intorg:v:63:y:2009:i:02:p:249-280_09
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    Cited by:

    1. Simons, Claudia & Zanker, Franzisca, 2012. "Finding the Cases that Fit: Methodological Challenges in Peace Research," GIGA Working Papers 189, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    2. Hannah Smidt, 2021. "Keeping electoral peace? Activities of United Nations peacekeeping operations and their effects on election-related violence," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 38(5), pages 580-604, September.
    3. Eric Keels, 2017. "Oil Wealth, Post-conflict Elections, and Postwar Peace Failure," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 61(5), pages 1021-1045, May.
    4. Hannah M. Smidt, 2020. "United Nations Peacekeeping Locally: Enabling Conflict Resolution, Reducing Communal Violence," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 64(2-3), pages 344-372, February.
    5. Dorussen Han, 2014. "Peacekeeping Works, or Does It?," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 20(4), pages 527-537, December.
    6. Van Leeuwen, Mathijs & Van Der Haar, Gemma, 2016. "Theorizing the Land–Violent Conflict Nexus," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 94-104.
    7. Amanda Klassen, 2022. "From Vulnerability to Empowerment: Critical Reflections on Canada’s Engagement with Refugee Policy," Laws, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Brandt, Cyril Owen, 2019. "The deployment of internally displaced teachers (DR Congo): A “real governance” approach," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 147-154.
    9. Checkel, Jeffrey T., 2014. "Mechanisms, process and the study of international institutions," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Global Governance SP IV 2014-104, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
    10. Anna K Johnson & Joséphine Lechartre & Şehrazat G Mart & Mark D Robison & Caroline Hughes, 2023. "Peace scholarship and the local turn: Hierarchies in the production of knowledge about peace," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 60(4), pages 675-690, July.
    11. van der Windt, Peter Cornelis & Humphreys, Macartan, 2020. "Crowdseeding in Eastern Congo: Using Cell Phones to Collect Conflict Events Data in Real Time," SocArXiv u3mvf, Center for Open Science.

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