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Das Phänomen »Populismus«: Ursachen und Gegenrezepte

Author

Listed:
  • Norbert Berthold
  • Adalbert Winkler
  • Sascha Becker
  • Thiemo Fetzer
  • Dennis Novy
  • Marianne Kneuer
  • Nikolaus Kowall
  • Sascha O. Becker

Abstract

Der Brexit, die Wahl Donald Trumps, die Zugewinne des Front National in Frankreich, der AfD in Deutschland und Geert Wilders in den Niederlanden: Der Populismus erlebt derzeit einen Höhenflug. Was sind die Ursachen und die Effekte dieser Erfolgswellen? Nach Ansicht von Norbert Berthold, Universität Würzburg, spricht einiges dafür, dass die Globalisierung populistische Entwicklungen begünstigt. Wichtiger scheinen allerdings der technische Fortschritt, da er die einfache Arbeit benachteilige, und die Migrationsströme in reiche Länder zu sein. Zudem spielen auch kulturelle Elemente, Informationslücken, Vorurteile und Stereotypen eine wichtige Rolle. Adalbert Winkler, Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, sieht unter anderem die Ursachen für das Erstarken populistischer Strömungen darin, dass die Finanz-, Euro- und Flüchtlingskrise die Zahl der Menschen, die abgehängt sind oder sich abgehängt fühlen, erheblich haben steigen lassen und die etablierten Parteien überfordert sind, diese Krisen zu bekämpfen. Sascha O. Becker, Thiemo Fetzer und Dennis Novy, University of Warwick, kommen nach der Analyse von Daten aus 380 Landkreisen Großbritanniens zu dem Schluss, dass Faktoren, wie Demographie, Bildung und Wirtschaftsstruktur, einen deutlich größeren Einfluss auf die Brexit-Entscheidung der britischen Wähler hatten als Faktoren, die eine direkte Verbindung zur EU beinhalten. Für Marianne Kneuer, Universität Hildesheim, waren die Krisen sicher ein trigger, aber nicht die Ursache für das derzeitige Phänomen von Populismus. Hier seien tieferliegende strukturelle Gründe verantwortlich: zum einen die wirtschaftlichen Unsicherheiten, wie wachsende Ungleichheit, das Gefühl, ein Globalisierungsverlierer zu sein, Angst vor sozialem Abstieg, zum andern politische Gründe, da die repräsentative Demokratie in einer tiefen Vertrauenskrise stecke und Populisten von den funktionalen Defiziten, die in den Parteien und den Parteienlandschaften über die Jahre Eingang gefunden haben, profitieren. Nikolaus Kowall, Forschungsinstitut für gesellschaftliche Weiterentwicklung, Düsseldorf, ist der Meinung, dass die Reallokation von Ressourcen im Rahmen der Globalisierung staatliche Handlungsräume limitiere. Der Verlust staatlicher Souveränität habe mit dem Rechtspopulismus eine antimoderne politische Strömung auf den Plan gerufen, die das Primat der Politik explizit auf nationaler Ebene restaurieren möchte. Eine Antwort für Europa läge in einer verstärkten Integration Europas bei gleichzeitigem Stopp politischer Maßnahmen zur weiteren Integration der EU in den Weltmarkt.

Suggested Citation

  • Norbert Berthold & Adalbert Winkler & Sascha Becker & Thiemo Fetzer & Dennis Novy & Marianne Kneuer & Nikolaus Kowall & Sascha O. Becker, 2017. "Das Phänomen »Populismus«: Ursachen und Gegenrezepte," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 70(12), pages 03-21, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:ces:ifosdt:v:70:y:2017:i:12:p:03-21
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    Cited by:

    1. Sarah Martina Tesar, 2019. "Populismus und Wirtschaftspolitik: Die wirtschaftspolitische Programmatik populistischer Parteien in Südeuropa," Working Paper Reihe der AK Wien - Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 188, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Populismus; Soziale Werte; Gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein; Wirkungsanalyse;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • I31 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - General Welfare, Well-Being

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