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The Trade and Conflict Debate: A Survey of Theory, Evidence and Future Research

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  • Reuveny Rafael

    (Indiana University)

Abstract

No one disputes that international trade is affected by economic variables. However, the effects of political variables on trade also are important. For countries in peace, political agendas can affect trade through protectionism, for example. Political interventions in trade between hostile nations can halt trade, although hostile countries sometimes continue to trade. Casual observations also bear out that trade itself is a potential source of political conflict or cooperation between nations. In spite of this, economists in large part have not studied the relationship between trade and political conflict or cooperation between nations. Krugman, for one, argues that "trade politics is primarily about conflicts of interest within rather than between nations (1995: 28)." Bergeijk (1994: Chapter 5) even suggests that many economists view political conflicts between nations as unworthy of formal analysis.This does not mean that economists have ignored altogether the interaction between international economic and political variables. Various facets of this interaction have been studied by prominent economists (e.g., Smith, 1776; Mill, 1848, Keynes, 1919; Schumpeter, 1950; Tinbergen, 1962; Kindleberger, 1970). In addition, there are recent economic studies on topics such as arms races, the economic effects of arms reduction, and the link between defense expenditures and economic growth, which fall under the general rubric of peace economics.1 There is also a growing literature that views conflict as a rational economic activity. This literature uses a framework originally developed by Hirshleifer (1988) and extended by Hirshleifer (1995) and others (e.g., Grossman and Kim, 1995; Skaperdas and Syropoulos, 1996; Anderton et al., 1999). These studies, however, are theoretical and do not study the relationship between trade and political conflict using empirical data, which is the focus of this essay.

Suggested Citation

  • Reuveny Rafael, 2000. "The Trade and Conflict Debate: A Survey of Theory, Evidence and Future Research," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 23-49, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:bpj:pepspp:v:6:y:2000:i:1:n:2
    DOI: 10.2202/1554-8597.1030
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Reuven Glick & Alan M. Taylor, 2010. "Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 92(1), pages 102-127, February.
    3. Raul Caruso & Marco Di Domizio & David A. Savage, 2015. "Hic Sunt Leones! The role of national identity on aggressiveness between national football teams," DISCE - Quaderni del Dipartimento di Politica Economica ispe0076, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
    4. Zhang, Wenjia & Mauck, Nathan, 2018. "Government-affiliation, bilateral political relations and cross-border mergers: Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 220-250.
    5. Nitsch, Volker & Schumacher, Dieter, 2004. "Terrorism and international trade: an empirical investigation," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 423-433, June.
    6. Reuven Glick & Alan M. Taylor, 2010. "Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 92(1), pages 102-127, February.
    7. Reuveny Rafael, 2001. "Economic Openness As a Goal? The Bigger Picture for the Global System," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 7(1), pages 1-28, January.
    8. Massoud Tansa G. & Magee Christopher S., 2012. "Trade and Political, Military, and Economic Relations," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 18(1), pages 1-39, May.
    9. Raul Caruso, 2015. "Beyond deterrence and decline. Towards a general understanding of peace economics," Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell'Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, vol. 123(1), pages 57-74.
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    11. Raul Caruso, 2021. "Economic Statecraft: from Negative Sanctions to Positive Sanctions," Working Papers 1010, European Centre of Peace Science, Integration and Cooperation (CESPIC), Catholic University 'Our Lady of Good Counsel'.
    12. Raul Caruso, 2006. "A Trade Institution as a Peaceful Institution? A Contribution to Integrative Theory," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 23(1), pages 53-72, February.
    13. Peter A.G. van Bergeijk, 2009. "Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13518.
    14. Fiona McGillivray & Alastair Smith, 2005. "The Impact of Leadership Turnover and Domestic Institutions on International Cooperation," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 49(5), pages 639-660, October.
    15. Knill, April & Lee, Bong-Soo & Mauck, Nathan, 2012. "Bilateral political relations and sovereign wealth fund investment," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 108-123.
    16. Parlow, Anton, 2011. "Does trade promote peace? squared: a gravity equation in a rectangular panel world," MPRA Paper 36430, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Carlos Seiglie, 2016. "Openness of the economy, terms of trade, and arms," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 82(3), pages 748-759, January.
    18. Haruna Shoji & Goel Rajeev K., 2016. "International Tariffs in a Mixed Oligopoly with Research Spillovers," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 22(3), pages 277-293, August.
    19. Raul Caruso & Marco Di Domizio & David A. Savage, 2017. "Differences in National Identity, Violence and Conflict in International Sport Tournaments: Hic Sunt Leones!," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 70(4), pages 511-545, November.
    20. Mintz Alex & Heo Uk, 2014. "Triads in International Relations: The Effect of Superpower Aid, Trade, and Arms Transfers on Conflict in the Middle East," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 20(3), pages 441-459, August.

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