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The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971–1998

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  • Robert H. DeFina
  • Thomas M. Arvanites

Abstract

Objective. This article studies the impact of increasing incarceration rates on crime rates. First we seek to replicate the findings of previous studies utilizing the pooled, fixed–effects models (which are based on the assumption that the effect of imprisonment does not vary across states). Next we test the validity of this assumption. Finally, we present a new methodology to examine the imprisonment–crime relationship. Methods. Annual state–level data from 1971–1998 are used to estimate 51 state–specific regression models in which crime rates for seven major categories are functions of incarceration rates and a wide array of socioeconomic and dummy control variables. Results. Our findings are consistent with prior studies. More important, the assumptions upon which the fixed–effect models are based were found to be statistically invalid. The results of our new methodology reveal that imprisonment rates are not significantly related to crime in the majority of states for any of the seven crimes studied. Conclusions. Because the state–level lagged imprisonment coefficients varied from significant negative effects to significant positive effects (depending on the state and type of crime), we argue that it is inappropriate to speak about “the” effect of imprisonment on any particular crime or at the national level.

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  • Robert H. DeFina & Thomas M. Arvanites, 2002. "The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971–1998," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 83(3), pages 635-653, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:83:y:2002:i:3:p:635-653
    DOI: 10.1111/1540-6237.00106
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    Cited by:

    1. Steve Cook & Tom Winfield, 2013. "Crime across the States: Are US Crime Rates Converging?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(9), pages 1724-1741, July.
    2. Steve Cook & Duncan Watson, 2013. "Breaks and Convergence in U.S. Regional Crime Rates: Analysis of Their Presence and Implications," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 2(3), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Parker, Karen F. & Stansfield, Richard & McCall, Patricia L., 2016. "Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A latent trajectory approach," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-11.
    4. Martin, Allison & Wright, Emily M. & Steiner, Benjamin, 2016. "Formal controls, neighborhood disadvantage, and violent crime in U.S. cities: Examining (un)intended consequences," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 58-65.
    5. Steve Cook & Tom Winfield, 2015. "The urban-rural divide, regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(47), pages 5072-5087, October.
    6. Helen Tauchen, 2010. "Estimating the Supply of Crime: Recent Advances," Chapters, in: Bruce L. Benson & Paul R. Zimmerman (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Crime, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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