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Extending environmental justice research to religious minorities

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  • Sumaia A. Al‐Kohlani
  • Heather E. Campbell

Abstract

For more than 30 years, significant research in the United States has found that racial and ethnic minorities suffer disproportionately from nearness to environmental disamenities compared with white non‐Hispanics and that these results persist even controlling for poverty and “which came first,” the minorities or the disamenities. The engrained discriminatory findings of this environmental justice (EJ) research have led some to argue that we observe “systemic racism,” built into our social systems in ways that may be difficult to perceive. Yet, within the history of the United States, racial and ethnic minorities are not the only groups that have been systematically discriminated against; various religious groups also have histories of discrimination. Here we consider whether, holding constant race and ethnicity, some religious groups may also suffer from “EJ syndrome.” Since the US Census does not collect data on religion, to measure the presence of some religious groups that may be discriminated against, we use an original dataset on the presence of Jewish, Muslim, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (LDS, aka Mormon), and Roman Catholic houses of worship within California's Census tracts. Our results indicate that even controlling for race/ethnicity and income, the presence of Jewish or Muslim houses of worship in a California Census tract increases the likelihood of environmental burden as measured by the CalEnviroScreen 3.0 index of pollution and community vulnerability. 30多年来,大量美国研究发现,少数民族及族裔与非西班牙裔白人相比,前者过多遭遇居住地邻近恶劣环境之苦,并且这一结果在控制贫困(例如,Ringquist 2005)、“孰先孰后”—少数民族还是恶劣环境(例如,Pastor, Sadd and Hipp 2001)因素后仍然成立。该环境正义(EJ)研究得出的根深蒂固的歧视性研究发现,让一些人主张我们观察到了“系统性种族主义”,这种种族主义以难以感知的方式深入我们的社会系统中(Pulido 2000; Campbell, Kim and Eckerd 2015)。不过,纵观美国历史,少数族裔并非是唯一遭受系统性歧视的团体;不同宗教团体也存在歧视史。本文中,我们衡量了在种族和族裔保持不变的情况下,一些宗教团体是否也可能遭受“环境正义综合征”(EJ syndrome)。鉴于美国人口普查局(US Census, askcensus.gov, nd)没有收集宗教数据,为衡量一些可能受到歧视的宗教团体的存在,我们使用在加利福尼亚州人口普查区收集的有关犹太教、伊斯兰教、耶稣基督后期圣徒教会(简称摩门教)、以及罗马天主教宗教场所的原始数据集。我们的研究结果表明,根据CalEnviroScreen污染和社区脆弱性3.0指标的衡量结果,即使控制了种族/族群性和收入因素,加利福尼亚州人口普查区中犹太教或穆斯林的宗教场所的存在仍然会增加环境压力的可能性。 Durante más de 30 años, una investigación significativa en los EE. UU. Ha encontrado que las minorías raciales y étnicas sufren de manera desproporcionada por la proximidad a los inconvenientes ambientales en comparación con los blancos no hispanos, y que estos resultados persisten incluso controlando la pobreza (p. Ej., Ringquist 2005) y “qué fue primero ”, las minorías o los desajustes (por ejemplo, Pastor, Sadd y Hipp 2001). Los arraigados hallazgos discriminatorios de esta investigación de justicia ambiental (EJ) han llevado a algunos a argumentar que observamos el “racismo sistémico”, integrado en nuestros sistemas sociales de formas que pueden ser difíciles de percibir (Pulido 2000; Campbell, Kim y Eckerd 2015). Sin embargo, dentro de la historia de los Estados Unidos, las minorías raciales y étnicas no son los únicos grupos que han sido sistemáticamente discriminados; varios grupos religiosos también tienen antecedentes de discriminación. Aquí consideramos si, manteniendo constante la raza y el origen étnico, algunos grupos religiosos también pueden sufrir del “síndrome de EJ”. Dado que el censo de EE. UU. No recopila datos sobre religión (censo de EE. UU., Askcensus.gov, sin fecha), para medir la presencia de algunos grupos religiosos que pueden ser discriminados, utilizamos un conjunto de datos original sobre la presencia de judíos, musulmanes, iglesias de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días (SUD, también conocido como Mormón) y los lugares de culto católico romano dentro de los distritos del censo de California. Nuestros resultados indican que, incluso controlando por raza/etnia e ingresos, la presencia de lugares de culto judíos o musulmanes en un tramo del censo de California aumenta la probabilidad de carga ambiental según lo medido por el índice CalEnviroScreen 3.0 de contaminación y vulnerabilidad comunitaria.

Suggested Citation

  • Sumaia A. Al‐Kohlani & Heather E. Campbell, 2022. "Extending environmental justice research to religious minorities," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 39(1), pages 90-112, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:39:y:2022:i:1:p:90-112
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12451
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Evan J. Ringquist, 2005. "Assessing evidence of environmental inequities: A meta-analysis," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(2), pages 223-247.
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    8. Sumaia A. Al-Kohlani & Heather E. Campbell, 2016. "Rank-order implications of social construction theory: Does air quality depend on social constructions?," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 49(4), pages 467-488, December.
    9. Heather E. Campbell & Laura R. Peck & Michael K. Tschudi, 2010. "Justice for All? A Cross‐Time Analysis of Toxics Release Inventory Facility Location," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 27(1), pages 1-25, January.
    10. Adam Eckerd & Andrew Keeler, 2012. "Going green together? Brownfield remediation and environmental justice," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 45(4), pages 293-314, December.
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