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Classification Of Sources Of Growth

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  • Edward F. Denison

Abstract

Changes in many output determinants contribute to growth. An analysis of the sources of growth is an allocation of changes in output among these determinants. Total factor input and output per unit of input condense all determinants into two groupings. Misinterpretation of results is common because authors presenting either detailed or summary results often provide no complete or precise description of their classification of determinants, and readers ignore even the information provided. The classification suggested in this paper is detailed enough to bring out points at which description is required but often overlooked. Some effects of alternative estimating procedures on classification are described. The relative usefulness and practicality of possible alternative classifications also need consideration and discussion. This paper is concerned with general purpose classifications, appropriate for analysis of actual series measuring a country's total output, that are suitable for present use but will also accommodate useful detail that may later become feasible. A desirable classification will so specify determinants that (1) they both unite cause with effect and correspond to the economist's method of analysis so that his set of tools can be brought to bear; (2) they do not contribute to growth if they do not change; and (3) they conform as well as possible to practical possibility of estimation. Among several points considered fundamental are that the complete contributions of advances in knowledge and of resource reallocation each appear as an entity. They should not be dispersed among inputs or other determinants. It is less clear whether economies of scale should be a separate determinant or their contribution be dispersed.

Suggested Citation

  • Edward F. Denison, 1972. "Classification Of Sources Of Growth," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 18(1), pages 1-25, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revinw:v:18:y:1972:i:1:p:1-25
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1972.tb00851.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Danish Ahmed SIDDIQUI & Qazi Masood AHMED, 2019. "Are institutions a crucial determinant of cross country economic efficiency? A two-stage double bootstrap data envelopment analysis," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(1(618), S), pages 89-114, Spring.
    2. Gonzales-Rocha, Erick & Mendez-Guerra, Carlos, 2018. "Increasing productivity dispersion: Evidence from light manufacturing in Brazil," MPRA Paper 88478, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Hao Lu & Qin Zhang & Qinghong Cui & Yuanyuan Luo & Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi & Xiancun Hu, 2021. "How Can Information Technology Use Improve Construction Labor Productivity? An Empirical Analysis from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-13, May.
    4. Joaquin Maudos & Jose Manuel Pastor & Lorenzo Serrano, 2003. "Human capital in OECD countries: Technical change, efficiency and productivity," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(4), pages 419-435.
    5. Jhang, Kwang-soo, 1996. "Productivity performance in Korean manufacturing industries," ISU General Staff Papers 1996010108000017622, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    6. Szalavetz, Andrea, 2011. "Innovációvezérelt növekedés? [Innovation-driven growth?]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(5), pages 460-476.
    7. Malcolm Dowling & Peter M. Summers, 1998. "Total Factor Productivity and Economic Growth–Issues for Asia," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 74(225), pages 170-185, June.
    8. Albu, Lucian-Liviu, 1986. "Un modèle d’analyse de la modification structurelle des investissements par stades de développement économique [A model to analyse structural changes of investment by economic development stages]," MPRA Paper 13919, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Joaquin Maudos & Jose Manuel Pastor & Lorenzo Serrano, 2000. "Convergence in OECD countries: technical change, efficiency and productivity," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(6), pages 757-765.
    10. repec:agr:journl:v:1(618):y:2019:i:1(618):p:89-114 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Dale, Larry & Antinori, Camille & McNeil, Michael & McMahon, James E. & Sydny Fujita, K., 2009. "Retrospective evaluation of appliance price trends," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 597-605, February.

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