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The evolution of Zipf's Law for U.S. cities

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  • Angelina Hackmann
  • Torben Klarl

Abstract

Exploiting the hierarchical structure of cities and based on a dataset for U.S. cities between 1840 and 2016, the aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the U.S. city size distribution. For that purpose we estimate a general three‐parameter Zipf model, which can be traced back to Mandelbrot (1982), and validate our results by means of the hierarchical scaling law. Especially in the second half of the twentieth century, we find a pronounced departure from the exact Zipf's law. The city size distribution has become more equally distributed over time. Besides, the applied estimation method reveals evidence for leading cities dominating the remaining largest cities. Thus, the growing equality of the city sizes can be explained rather by growing smaller cities than by a loss of importance of the largest ones. Este artículo explota la estructura jerárquica de las ciudades y utiliza un conjunto de datos de ciudades de EE.UU. entre 1840 y 2016 con el objetivo de analizar la evolución de la distribución de tamaños de las ciudades de EE.UU. Para ello se estimó un modelo general de Zipf de tres parámetros, que se remonta a Mandelbrot (1982), y los resultados se validaron mediante la ley de escala jerárquica. Especialmente en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, se encontró una pronunciada desviación de la ley exacta de Zipf. La distribución del tamaño de las ciudades se ha venido igualando con el tiempo. Además, el método de estimación aplicado revela pruebas de que las principales ciudades dominan a las restantes ciudades más grandes. Así pues, la creciente igualdad de los tamaños de las ciudades puede explicarse más bien como debida el crecimiento de las ciudades más pequeñas que a la pérdida de importancia de las más grandes. 本稿では、都市の階層構造を利用し、1840~2016年の米国都市のデータセットに基づいて、米国都市の規模の分布の進化を分析する。この目的のために、古くはMandelbrot(1982)にまで遡る、一般的な3パラメータのZipfモデルにより推計を行い、階層スケーリング則によって検証した。特に20世紀後半には、正確なZipfの法則からの大きな逸脱が認められる。都市の規模の分布は、時間の経過とともに、より均等になってきている。さらに、適用した推計法から、主要都市が他の大都市より大きいことを示すエビデンスが得られる。以上のように、都市の規模の均等化は、大都市の重要性の消失ではなく、むしろより小規模都市の拡大によって説明される。

Suggested Citation

  • Angelina Hackmann & Torben Klarl, 2020. "The evolution of Zipf's Law for U.S. cities," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 99(3), pages 841-852, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:presci:v:99:y:2020:i:3:p:841-852
    DOI: 10.1111/pirs.12498
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    JEL classification:

    • R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)
    • R15 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Methods

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