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Female Proclivity to the World of Business

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  • Amelie Constant

Abstract

This paper investigates entrepreneurial women confronted with the self‐employment or business career choice. Optimistic women have a higher proclivity to be businesswomen. Businesswomen select self‐ over paid employment when they are young or old, less educated, married or with under‐age children. There are no significant native‐immigrant differences. However, among immigrant women those who are in Germany 6 to 12 years are more likely to go into self‐employment. These results show that women in Germany who are in their prime working age, educated, not married, and with no under‐age children are less likely to choose self‐employment, as it is not viewed as a channel to achieving higher socio‐economic standing.

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  • Amelie Constant, 2006. "Female Proclivity to the World of Business," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(4), pages 465-480, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:59:y:2006:i:4:p:465-480
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00345.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Matthias Benz & Bruno S. Frey, "undated". "The Value of Autonomy: Evidence from the Self-Employed in 23 Countries," IEW - Working Papers 173, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich.
    2. Henning Lohmann, 2001. "Self-employed or employee, full-time or part-time? Gender differences in the determinants and conditions for self-employment in Europe and the US," MZES Working Papers 38, MZES.
    3. Constant, Amelie F. & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 2004. "Self-Employment Dynamics Across the Business Cycle: Migrants Versus Natives," IZA Discussion Papers 1386, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    4. Joachim Wagner, 2007. "What a Difference a Y makes-Female and Male Nascent Entrepreneurs in Germany," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Bell, Linda A., 2005. "Women-Led Firms and the Gender Gap in Top Executive Jobs," IZA Discussion Papers 1689, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    6. Zimmermann, Klaus F. & Constant, Amelie, 2004. "Self-Employment Dynamics Across the Business Cycle: Migrants vs Natives," CEPR Discussion Papers 4754, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Anastasia Semykina, 2018. "Self‐employment among women: Do children matter more than we previously thought?," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(3), pages 416-434, April.
    3. Sinkovics, Noemi & Reuber, A. Rebecca, 2021. "Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(4).
    4. Carl Magnus Bjuggren & Magnus Henrekson, 2022. "Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 163-181, June.
    5. Klaus Zimmermann, 2007. "The economics of migrant ethnicity," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 20(3), pages 487-494, July.
    6. Karen Leppel, 2016. "The incidence of self-employment by sexual orientation," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 46(3), pages 347-363, March.
    7. Constant, Amelie F., 2008. "Businesswomen in Germany and Their Performance by Ethnicity: It Pays to Be Self-Employed," IZA Discussion Papers 3644, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Yanhua Wu & Lingyun Tong & Yingying Yi, 2024. "Does Having More Children Affect Women’s Informal Employment Choices? Evidence from China," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 45(3), pages 562-578, September.

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