European Integration and the Transnational Restructuring of Social Relations: The Emergence of Labour as a Regional Actor?

Informed by a neo‐Gramscian perspective able to conceptualize transnational class formation, this article assesses whether European trade union organizations have developed into independent supranational actors, or whether they are merely secretariats in charge of organizing the co‐operation of their national member associations. The first hypothesis is that those trade unions which organize workers in transnational production sectors, are likely to co‐operate at the European level, because they have lost control over capital at the national level. Trade unions, organizing workers in domestic production sectors, may be more reluctant because their sectors still depend on national protection. The second hypothesis is that trade unions are more likely to co‐operate at the European level if they perceive such an engagement as furthering their influence on policy‐making in comparison with structural possibilities at the national level. Additionally, in line with the critical dimension of neo‐Gramscian perspectives, it will be assessed whether European co‐operation implies acceptance of neo‐liberal economics, or whether unions continue to resist restructuring.