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Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares

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  • Maosen Zhong
  • Hui Yang

Abstract

We examine the newly developed international diversification instruments–iShares traded on the American Stock Exchange. Given the fact that iShares can be created and redeemed at will, the daily price of an iShare is expected to be equal to the daily portfolio value of the underlying assets in the home‐country market. Therefore, theoretically, iShare pricing should be influenced by the risk from the iShare's home‐country market and not the risk from the US market, per se. We evaluate the risk exposure of iShare prices to the US market (non‐fundamental effect) as well as the home‐country market (the fundamental effect). We find that most iShare returns are significantly influenced by and sensitive to the US market risk. Moreover, the US market appears to be the key permanent driving factor and the home‐country market is a pronounced transitory driving force for iShare prices. These findings indicate the presence of limits of international arbitrage for iShares. As a result, the international diversification benefits of iShares become questionable.

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  • Maosen Zhong & Hui Yang, 2005. "Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(3‐4), pages 737-772, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jbfnac:v:32:y:2005:i:3-4:p:737-772
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0306-686X.2005.00612.x
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    2. Lee, Hsiu-Chuan & Tseng, Yung-Ching & Yang, Chung-Jen, 2014. "Commonality in liquidity, liquidity distribution, and financial crisis: Evidence from country ETFs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 35-58.
    3. Naka, Atsuyuki & Noman, Abdullah, 2017. "Diversification of risk exposure through country mutual funds under alternative investment opportunities," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 215-227.
    4. Ashtiani, Amin Zokaei & Rieger, Marc Oliver & Stutz, David, 2021. "Nudging against panic selling: Making use of the IKEA effect," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
    5. Weetman, Pauline, 2006. "Discovering the ‘international’ in accounting and finance," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 351-370.
    6. Imtiaz Mazumder, M. & Chu, Ting-Heng & Miller, Edward M. & Prather, Larry J., 2008. "International day-of-the-week effects: An empirical examination of iShares," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 699-715, September.
    7. Yousefi, Hamed & Najand, Mohammad, 2022. "Geographical diversification using ETFs: Multinational evidence from COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    8. Jack C De Jong & S Ghon Rhee, 2008. "Abnormal returns with momentum/contrarian strategies using exchange-traded funds," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(4), pages 289-299, October.
    9. Chen, Mei-Ping & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Hsu, Yi-Chung, 2017. "Investor sentiment and country exchange traded funds: Does economic freedom matter?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 285-299.
    10. Levy, Ariel & Lieberman, Offer, 2013. "Overreaction of country ETFs to US market returns: Intraday vs. daily horizons and the role of synchronized trading," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(5), pages 1412-1421.
    11. Chanwit Phengpis & Peggy Swanson, 2011. "Optimization, cointegration and diversification gains from international portfolios: an out-of-sample analysis," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 269-286, February.
    12. Gaurav Raizada & Vartika Srivastava & S. V. D. Nageswara Rao, 2020. "Shall One Sit “Longer” for a Free Lunch? Impact of Trading Durations on the Realized Variances and Volatility Spillovers," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 18(1), pages 1-28, March.
    13. Gerasimos G Rompotis, 2010. "Investing overseas from home: The case of Asian iShares," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, April.
    14. O'Hagan-Luff, Martha & Berrill, Jenny, 2015. "Why stay-at-home investing makes sense," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 1-14.
    15. Chanwit Phengpis & Peggy E. Swanson, 2009. "iShares and the US Market Risk Exposure," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7‐8), pages 972-986, September.
    16. Alex P. Taylor, 2005. "Discussion of Risk Exposures and International Diversification: Evidence from iShares," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(3‐4), pages 773-776, April.
    17. Chanwit Phengpis & Peggy E. Swanson, 2009. "iShares and the US Market Risk Exposure," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7-8), pages 972-986.
    18. Lee, Hsiu-Chuan & Hsu, Chih-Hsiang & Lee, Yun-Huan, 2016. "Location of trade, return comovements, and diversification benefits: Evidence from Asian country ETFs," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 279-296.

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