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Bibliographic and Web citations: What is the difference?

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  • Liwen Vaughan
  • Debora Shaw

Abstract

Web citations have been proposed as comparable to, even replacements for, bibliographic citations, notably in assessing the academic impact of work in promotion and tenure decisions. We compared bibliographic and Web citations to articles in 46 journals in library and information science. For most journals (57%), Web citations correlated significantly with both bibliographic citations listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index and the ISI's Journal Impact Factor. Many of the Web citations represented intellectual impact, coming from other papers posted on the Web (30%) or from class readings lists (12%). Web citation counts were typically higher than bibliographic citation counts for the same article. Journals with more Web citations tended to have Web sites that provided tables of contents on the Web, while less cited journals did not have such publicity. The number of Web citations to journal articles increased from 1992 to 1997.

Suggested Citation

  • Liwen Vaughan & Debora Shaw, 2003. "Bibliographic and Web citations: What is the difference?," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 54(14), pages 1313-1322, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jamist:v:54:y:2003:i:14:p:1313-1322
    DOI: 10.1002/asi.10338
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    Cited by:

    1. Fairclough, Ruth & Thelwall, Mike, 2015. "National research impact indicators from Mendeley readers," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 845-859.
    2. Mike Thelwall & Kayvan Kousha, 2017. "ResearchGate versus Google Scholar: Which finds more early citations?," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 112(2), pages 1125-1131, August.
    3. Pardeep Sud & Mike Thelwall, 2014. "Evaluating altmetrics," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 98(2), pages 1131-1143, February.
    4. O'Leary, Dan, 2008. "On the relationship between citations and appearances on “top 25” download lists in the International Journal of Accounting Information Systems," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 61-75.
    5. Yutao Sun & Belle Selene Xia, 2016. "The scholarly communication of economic knowledge: a citation analysis of Google Scholar," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 109(3), pages 1965-1978, December.
    6. Hildrun Kretschmer & Ute Kretschmer & Theo Kretschmer, 2007. "Reflection of co-authorship networks in the Web: Web hyperlinks versus Web visibility rates," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 70(2), pages 519-540, February.
    7. Erjia Yan & Qinghua Zhu, 2008. "Hyperlink analysis for government websites of Chinese provincial capitals," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 76(2), pages 315-326, August.
    8. Lola García-Santiago & Felix Moya-Anegón, 2009. "Using co-outlinks to mine heterogeneous networks," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 79(3), pages 681-702, June.
    9. Mike Thelwall, 2012. "Journal impact evaluation: a webometric perspective," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 92(2), pages 429-441, August.
    10. Amalia Mas-Bleda & Mike Thelwall, 2016. "Can alternative indicators overcome language biases in citation counts? A comparison of Spanish and UK research," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 109(3), pages 2007-2030, December.
    11. Young Mee Chung & So Young Yu & Yong Kwang Kim & Su Yeon Kim, 2009. "Characteristics and link structure of a national scholarly Web space: The case of South Korea," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 80(3), pages 595-612, September.
    12. David Wilkinson & Pardeep Sud & Mike Thelwall, 2014. "Substance without citation: evaluating the online impact of grey literature," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 98(2), pages 797-806, February.
    13. Xuemei Li & Mike Thelwall & Dean Giustini, 2012. "Validating online reference managers for scholarly impact measurement," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 91(2), pages 461-471, May.
    14. Hildrun Kretschmer & Isidro F. Aguillo, 2004. "Visibility of collaboration on the Web," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 61(3), pages 405-426, November.
    15. Kayvan Kousha & Mike Thelwall, 2008. "Sources of Google Scholar citations outside the Science Citation Index: A comparison between four science disciplines," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 74(2), pages 273-294, February.
    16. Michael McAleer & Judit Oláh & József Popp, 2018. "Pros and cons of the impact factor in a rapidly changing digital world," Documentos de Trabajo del ICAE 2018-06, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico.
    17. Kousha, Kayvan & Thelwall, Mike & Rezaie, Somayeh, 2010. "Using the Web for research evaluation: The Integrated Online Impact indicator," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 124-135.
    18. Pardeep Sud & Mike Thelwall, 2014. "Linked title mentions: a new automated link search candidate," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 101(3), pages 1831-1849, December.
    19. Mike Thelwall & Paul Wilson, 2016. "Does research with statistics have more impact? The citation rank advantage of structural equation modeling," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 67(5), pages 1233-1244, May.
    20. Zohreh Zahedi & Rodrigo Costas & Paul Wouters, 2014. "How well developed are altmetrics? A cross-disciplinary analysis of the presence of ‘alternative metrics’ in scientific publications," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 101(2), pages 1491-1513, November.
    21. Ale Ebrahim, Nader & Salehi, Hadi & Embi, Mohamed Amin & Habibi Tanha, Farid & Gholizadeh, Hossein & Motahar, Seyed Mohammad & Ordi, Ali, 2013. "Effective Strategies for Increasing Citation Frequency," MPRA Paper 50919, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 12 Oct 2013.
    22. Luis Miguel Pérez & Raul Oltra-Badenes & Juan Vicente Oltra Gutiérrez & Hermenegildo Gil-Gómez, 2020. "A Bibliometric Diagnosis and Analysis about Smart Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-43, August.
    23. Liwen Vaughan & Debora Shaw, 2008. "A new look at evidence of scholarly citation in citation indexes and from web sources," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 74(2), pages 317-330, February.

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