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GRAY GOVERNANCE AT BORDER CHECKPOINTS: Regulating Shadow Trade at the Sino‐Kazakh Border

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  • Tak‐Wing Ngo
  • Eva P.W. Hung

Abstract

Shadow trading is a common activity along state borders. Its omnipresence is puzzling because border checkpoints are highly regulated spaces that are heavily gated and securitized. Most studies attribute such a paradox to ineffective border control and corruption. However, this line of argument overlooks the peculiar nature of border and checkpoint governance. We explore this phenomenon with a case study of the Sino‐Kazakh border where shadow traders negotiate their passage every day. We find that border crossing is a highly organized activity dictated by informal yet specific and meticulous rules that are enforced by various state and non‐state actors. Together, they constitute a kind of gray governance that is thoroughly entwined with the formal regime. It is a kind of technology of rule that enables the state to selectively enforce formal and informal rules so as to accommodate the conflicting goals of border control.

Suggested Citation

  • Tak‐Wing Ngo & Eva P.W. Hung, 2024. "GRAY GOVERNANCE AT BORDER CHECKPOINTS: Regulating Shadow Trade at the Sino‐Kazakh Border," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(3), pages 488-505, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:488-505
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.13226
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    References listed on IDEAS

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