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Sold Below Value? Why Takeover Offers Can Have Negative Premiums

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  • Utz Weitzel
  • Gerhard Kling

Abstract

Many studies have acknowledged the existence of negative offer premiums where the initial bid undercuts the target's preannouncement market price. However, this phenomenon has not been explained. Negative premiums occur frequently and are no measurement error. We demonstrate theoretically and empirically that “hidden earnouts,†where target shareholders participate in the bidder's share of joint synergies, and corrections of overvaluation explain negative premiums. We find that target shareholders profit from the consummation of a takeover even if the announced offer has a negative premium. Our theory generalizes to low positive premiums with predictive power for the bottom 25% of all premiums.

Suggested Citation

  • Utz Weitzel & Gerhard Kling, 2018. "Sold Below Value? Why Takeover Offers Can Have Negative Premiums," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 47(2), pages 421-450, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:47:y:2018:i:2:p:421-450
    DOI: 10.1111/fima.12200
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