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Impacts of Scaling up Agroecology on the Sustainability of European Agriculture in 2050

Author

Listed:
  • Andreas Mayer
  • Gerald Kalt
  • Lisa Kaufmann
  • Elin Röös
  • Adrian Muller
  • Rainer Weisshaidinger
  • Anita Frehner
  • Nicolas Roux
  • Pete Smith
  • Michaela C. Theurl
  • Sarah Matej
  • Karlheinz Erb

Abstract

The European Commission recently embraced the concept of agroecology as a pathway to reduce negative impacts from agri‐food systems on the environment. So far, it remains unclear whether agroecology can deliver on these high hopes if implemented on a large scale. We here assess socio‐economic and environmental implications of multiple agroecological futures in the European Union in 2050, based on a novel diagnostic scenario approach, i.e. the biomass balancing model BioBaM‐GHG 2.0. We find that agroecological measures from the plot to the food systems level can indeed reduce environmental pressures while maintaining domestic food availability within the EU. Such measures are, for example, more hedgerows on croplands or reduced biomass harvest on high natural value – HNV grasslands. However, a key prerequisite is an overall reduction of the food system's size (based on the reduction of animal production, food wastes, and export production) and an optimised crop‐livestock integration. Only then does the transformation towards an agroecological agri‐food system in the EU not risk overstretching domestic land availability or produce insufficient agricultural commodities. Mitigating the accompanied trade‐off of reduced farm income is a central mandate for policy development aimed at re‐designing agriculture in Europe to align with the Green Deal goals. La Commission européenne a récemment adopté le concept d'agroécologie comme moyen de réduire les impacts négatifs des systèmes agroalimentaires sur l'environnement. Jusqu'à présent, il n'est pas clair que l'agroécologie puisse répondre à ces grands espoirs si elle est mise en œuvre à grande échelle. Nous évaluons ici les implications socio‐économiques et environnementales de multiples futurs agroécologiques dans l'Union européenne en 2050, sur la base d'une nouvelle approche par scénario de diagnostic, à savoir le modèle d'équilibrage de la biomasse BioBaM‐GHG 2.0. Nous constatons que les mesures agroécologiques appliquées de l’échelle de la parcelle jusqu’au niveau des systèmes alimentaires peuvent en effet réduire les pressions environnementales tout en conservant la disponibilité alimentaire intérieure au sein de l'Union européenne. Ces mesures consistent, par exemple, à planter davantage de haies sur les terres cultivées ou à réduire la récolte de biomasse sur les prairies à haute valeur naturelle – HVN. Cependant, une condition préalable essentielle est de diminuer globalement la taille du système alimentaire (basée sur la réduction des cheptels, des déchets et de la production exportée) et d’optimiser l’intégration agriculture‐élevage. Ce n'est qu'alors que la transformation vers un système agroalimentaire agroécologique dans l'Union européenne ne risque pas d’aboutir à une surexploitation des terres nationales ou une production insuffisante de produits agricoles. L'atténuation du compromis résultant en termes de réduction des revenus agricoles est un mandat central pour l'élaboration de politiques visant à repenser l'agriculture en Europe pour l'aligner sur les objectifs du Pacte vert. Die Europäische Kommission hat kürzlich das Konzept der Agrarökologie als einen Weg zur Verringerung der negativen Auswirkungen von Agrar‐ und Ernährungssystemen auf die Umwelt begrüßt. Bislang ist jedoch unklar, ob Agrarökologie diese Hoffnungen erfüllen kann, wenn sie in großem Maßstab umgesetzt wird. Wir bewerten im vorliegenden Beitrag die sozioökonomischen und ökologischen Auswirkungen einer großen Anzahl von agrarökologischer Zukunftsszenarien in der Europäischen Union für das Jahr 2050. Grundlage hierfür ist ein neuartiger diagnostischer Modellierungsansatz, d. h. das Biomasse‐Bilanzierungsmodell BioBaM‐GHG 2.0. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass agrarökologische Maßnahmen von der Schlag‐ bis zur Ebene des gesamten Ernährungssystems tatsächlich Umweltbelastungen verringern und gleichzeitig die Verfügbarkeit von Lebensmitteln in der EU aufrechterhalten können. Solche Maßnahmen sind zum Beispiel mehr Hecken am Rand von Ackerflächen oder eine extensivere Nutzung von Grünland mit hohem Naturwert (‘high nature value grasslands’). Eine wichtige Voraussetzung ist jedoch eine grundsätzliche ‘Verkleinerung’ des Ernährungssystems (Verringerung der Viehbestände, der Lebensmittelabfälle und der Nettoexporte) und eine optimierte Integration von Ackerbau und Viehzucht. Nur so kann erreicht werden, dass die Umstellung auf ein agrarökologisches Agrar‐ und Ernährungssystem mit den lokalen Produktionskapazitäten in der EU vereinbar ist, und keine negativen Verlagerungseffekte stattfinden. Die Abfederung der damit einhergehenden Einkommenseinbußen für die Landwirtschaft ist ein zentrales Mandat für Politikgestaltung die darauf abzielt, die Landwirtschaft in Europa so umzugestalten, dass sie mit den Zielen des Green Deal übereinstimmt.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas Mayer & Gerald Kalt & Lisa Kaufmann & Elin Röös & Adrian Muller & Rainer Weisshaidinger & Anita Frehner & Nicolas Roux & Pete Smith & Michaela C. Theurl & Sarah Matej & Karlheinz Erb, 2022. "Impacts of Scaling up Agroecology on the Sustainability of European Agriculture in 2050," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 21(3), pages 27-36, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:21:y:2022:i:3:p:27-36
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12373
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mayer, Andreas & Kaufmann, Lisa & Kalt, Gerald & Matej, Sarah & Theurl, Michaela C. & Morais, Tiago G. & Leip, Adrian & Erb, Karl-Heinz, 2021. "Applying the Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production framework to map provisioning ecosystem services and their relation to ecosystem functioning across the European Union," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    2. Kalt, Gerald & Mayer, Andreas & Haberl, Helmut & Kaufmann, Lisa & Lauk, Christian & Matej, Sarah & Röös, Elin & Theurl, Michaela C. & Erb, Karl-Heinz, 2021. "Exploring the option space for land system futures at regional to global scales: The diagnostic agro-food, land use and greenhouse gas emission model BioBaM-GHG 2.0," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 459(C).
    3. S. V. Hanssen & V. Daioglou & Z. J. N. Steinmann & J. C. Doelman & D. P. Vuuren & M. A. J. Huijbregts, 2020. "The climate change mitigation potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 10(11), pages 1023-1029, November.
    4. Richard Fuchs & Calum Brown & Mark Rounsevell, 2020. "Europe’s Green Deal offshores environmental damage to other nations," Nature, Nature, vol. 586(7831), pages 671-673, October.
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    1. Gerald Schwarz & Francesco Vanni & David Miller & Janne Helin & Jaroslav Pražan & Fabrizio Albanito & Mihaela Fratila & Francesco Galioto & Oriana Gava & Katherine Irvine & Jan Landert & Alba Linares , 2022. "Exploring Sustainability Implications of Transitions to Agroecology: a Transdisciplinary Perspective," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 21(3), pages 37-47, December.
    2. Alan Matthews, 2022. "Prospects for Agroecology in Europe," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 21(3), pages 80-83, December.
    3. David Miller & Sophie Legras & Andrew Barnes & Mara Cazacu & Oriana Gava & Janne Helin & Katherine Irvine & Jochen Kantelhardt & Jan Landert & Laure Latruffe & Andreas Mayer & Andreas Niedermayr & And, 2022. "Creating Conditions for Harnessing the Potential of Transitions to Agroecology in Europe and Requirements for Policy," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 21(3), pages 72-79, December.
    4. Ramazan Çakmakçı & Mehmet Ali Salık & Songül Çakmakçı, 2023. "Assessment and Principles of Environmentally Sustainable Food and Agriculture Systems," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-27, May.

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