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Explaining productivity losses observed in France since the pre-Covid period
[Comment expliquer les pertes de productivité observées en France depuis la période pré-Covid ?]

Author

Listed:
  • Antoine Devulder
  • Bruno Ducoudré
  • Matthieu Lemoine
  • Thomas Zuber

Abstract

Since 2019, labour productivity in France has fallen by 8.5% relative to the pre Covid trend, as job creation has outpaced GDP growth. The analysis set out in this paper accounts for just over one-half of this loss. The main permanent factors are extensive use of apprenticeships (1.2 percentage points [pp]) and a workforce composition effect (proportionally larger increase in unskilled labour, worth 1.4 pp). These factors are however partially positive, reflecting a public policy focus on employment, which has shown excellent resilience, rather than a decrease in potential wealth creation in France. Conversely, the Covid crisis is estimated to have depressed this potential by reducing productivity by 0.4 pp. Temporary factors, primarily labour hoarding in some sectors, account for 1.8 pp of the fall. Depuis 2019, la productivité du travail en France a baissé de 8,5 % par rapport à sa tendance pré Covid : les créations d’emplois ont été en effet plus dynamiques que le PIB. L’analyse présentée dans cet article explique un peu plus de la moitié de cette perte. Les principaux facteurs durables seraient le recours massif à l’apprentissage (1,2 point de pourcentage [pp]) ainsi qu’un effet de composition de la main d’œuvre (augmentation proportionnellement plus forte de l’emploi moins qualifié, pour 1,4 pp). Ces facteurs sont cependant en partie positifs : ils traduisent davantage une orientation des politiques publiques en faveur de l’emploi – avec une très bonne résilience de celui ci – plutôt qu’une diminution du potentiel de création de richesse de la France. En revanche, la crise Covid aurait pesé sur ce potentiel en réduisant la productivité à hauteur de 0,4 pp. Enfin, des facteurs transitoires, principalement des rétentions de main-d’œuvre dans certains secteurs, expliqueraient 1,8 pp du décrochage.

Suggested Citation

  • Antoine Devulder & Bruno Ducoudré & Matthieu Lemoine & Thomas Zuber, 2024. "Explaining productivity losses observed in France since the pre-Covid period [Comment expliquer les pertes de productivité observées en France depuis la période pré-Covid ?]," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 251.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2024:251:01
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    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2024-06/284024_BDF251_1_Pertes_prod-EN_VF.pdf
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    File URL: https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2024-03/BDF251_1_Pertes_productivite.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Denis Fougère & Wolfgang Schwerdt, 2001. "Quelle est la productivité marginale des apprentis ?," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 52(3), pages 683-694.
    2. Renaud Bourlès & Gilbert Cette & Anastasia Cozarenco, 2012. "Employment and Productivity: Disentangling Employment Structure and Qualification Effects," International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, vol. 23, pages 44-54, Spring.
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    Cited by:

    1. Pauline Lesterquy & Edith Stojanovic & Honorine Dekoninck & Julien Zory, 2024. "Downturn in French manufacturing labour productivity in 2023: findings and improvement drivers [Baisse de la productivité du travail dans l’industrie en France en 2023 : un constat et des leviers d," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 251.

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