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The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities

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  • Williams, D.R.

Abstract

I have summarized in this article data on the magnitude of health challenges faced by men in the United States. Across a broad range of indicators, men report poorer health than women. Although men in all socioeconomic groups are doing poorly in terms of health, some especially high-risk groups include men of low socioeconomic status (SES) of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, low-SES minority men, and middle-class Black men. Multiple factors contribute to the elevated health risks of men. These include economic marginality, adverse working conditions, and gendered coping responses to stress, each of which can lead to high levels of substance use, other health-damaging behaviors, and an aversion to health-protective behaviors. The forces that adversely affect men's health are interrelated, unfold over the life course, and are amenable to change.

Suggested Citation

  • Williams, D.R., 2003. "The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(5), pages 724-731.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2003:93:5:724-731_4
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    Cited by:

    1. Tyson H Brown PhD & Taylor W Hargrove PhD, 2018. "Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Older Black Men’s Health," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 188-197.
    2. Raoul S. Liévanos & Clare R. Evans & Ryan Light, 2021. "An Intercategorical Ecology of Lead Exposure: Complex Environmental Health Vulnerabilities in the Flint Water Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Herman Walston & Angela Meshack & Ronald J. Peters, 2017. "Intervention Methodologies Targeting Vulnerable Youth in Frankfort, Kentucky: Measuring Developmental Assets," International Journal of Social Science Studies, Redfame publishing, vol. 5(8), pages 9-15, August.
    4. Sudano, Joseph J. & Baker, David W., 2006. "Explaining US racial/ethnic disparities in health declines and mortality in late middle age: The roles of socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health insurance," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(4), pages 909-922, February.
    5. Daphne C. Watkins, 2019. "Improving the Living, Learning, and Thriving of Young Black Men: A Conceptual Framework for Reflection and Projection," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-13, April.
    6. Blumenthal, Anne & Martin, Karin A., 2023. "Boys at Risk Beyond Male Fragility: The Gender Gap in Child Injury Deaths in the United States, 2000-2020," OSF Preprints pgehb, Center for Open Science.
    7. Hudson, Darrell L. & Puterman, Eli & Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten & Matthews, Karen A. & Adler, Nancy E., 2013. "Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 7-14.
    8. Read, Jen'nan Ghazal & Gorman, Bridget K., 2006. "Gender inequalities in US adult health: The interplay of race and ethnicity," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(5), pages 1045-1065, March.
    9. Bethany Everett & Stefanie Mollborn, 2014. "Examining Sexual Orientation Disparities in Unmet Medical Needs Among Men and Women," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 33(4), pages 553-577, August.
    10. Darrell Hudson & Tina Sacks & Katie Irani & Antonia Asher, 2020. "The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-18, February.
    11. Mathew D Gayman & Ben Lennox Kail & Amy Spring & George R GreenidgeJr, 2018. "Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men: An Application of the Stress Process Model," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 219-229.
    12. Ann W Nguyen & Linda M Chatters & Robert Joseph Taylor & María P Aranda & Karen D Lincoln & Courtney S Thomas, 2018. "Discrimination, Serious Psychological Distress, and Church-Based Emotional Support Among African American Men Across the Life Span," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 198-207.
    13. Ang, Shannon, 2018. "Social participation and health over the adult life course: Does the association strengthen with age?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 51-59.
    14. Antony, Jürgen & Klarl, Torben, 2020. "Estimating the income inequality-health relationship for the United States between 1941 and 2015: Will the relevant frequencies please stand up?," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 17(C).
    15. Santosh Jatrana, 2021. "Gender differences in self-reported health and psychological distress among New Zealand adults," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 45(21), pages 693-726.
    16. Griffith, Derek M., 2024. "Gender health equity: The case for including men's health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 351(S1).
    17. Roland J Thorpe Jr. PhD & Keith E Whitfield PhD, 2018. "Psychosocial Influences of African Americans Men’s Health," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(2), pages 185-187.
    18. Terry Peak & Julie A. Gast, 2014. "Aging Men’s Health-Related Behaviors," SAGE Open, , vol. 4(4), pages 21582440145, November.
    19. Erin Pullen & Carrie Oser, 2017. "Disadvantaged Status and Health Matters Networks among Low-Income African American Women," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-19, September.
    20. Roy, Kakoli & Chaudhuri, Anoshua, 2008. "Influence of socioeconomic status, wealth and financial empowerment on gender differences in health and healthcare utilization in later life: evidence from India," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(9), pages 1951-1962, May.
    21. Connor Sheehan & Robert Hummer & Brenda Moore & Kimberly Huyser & John Butler, 2015. "Duty, Honor, Country, Disparity: Race/Ethnic Differences in Health and Disability Among Male Veterans," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 34(6), pages 785-804, December.
    22. Elizabeth B. Pathak & Janelle M. Menard & Rebecca B. Garcia & Jason L. Salemi, 2022. "Joint Effects of Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender on COVID-19 Mortality among Working-Age Adults in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-15, April.

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